Contract 与 Agreement的有无区别
在英语中，合同一般称为Contract，协议一般称为Agreement.
何谓“contract”？
1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为： A contact in this Law refers to an agreement establishing， modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing， that is， between natural persons， legal persons or other organizations“。根据这一定义，合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。 ，
Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise， or a set of promises， for breach of which the law gives remedy， or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义，合同是一种承诺，违反承诺可以得到法律救助，某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看做是一种补偿。
L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”给contract的定义：“Contract is a legally binding agreement”根据这一定义，合同就是有法律约束力的协议。
综合起来，有一个相同点，就是“Contract is an agreement”，即可将合同说成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned”或者说合同说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”， 也可以说：Contracts are promises that the law will enforce.
何谓“Agreement”？
L.B “A consensus of mind， or evidence of such consensus， in spoke or written form， relating to anything done or to be done.”
根据这一定义，协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜，经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见，以口头或书面形式做出的约定。
Black "Law Dictionary"有两个定义。一个是：“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties， of certain past or future facts or performance”根据这一定义，协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。
另一个是：“The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property， right or benefits， with the view of contacting an obligation， a mutual obligation.”根据这一定义，协议即两个或多个当事人，为了约定单方责任或相互责任，就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。
Contract（合同）和Agreement（协议）是不是可以互换呢？
合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们（要约和承诺构成的）协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。
L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到：“Contract generally involves”
1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance （要约和绝对接受）
2. consensus ad idem （意思表示一致， 也叫meeting of minds）
3. intention to create legal relations （建立合同关系的意愿）
4. genuineness of consent （同意的真实性）
5. contractual capacity of the parties （合同当事人的缔约能力）
6. legality of object（标的物的合法性）
7. possibility of performance （履行的可能性）
8. certainty of terms（条款的确定性）
9. valuable consideration（等价有偿）
Black 'Law Dictionary" 中解释道：Although often used as synonyms with "contract"， agreement is a broader term， e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact."
即“协议”和“合同”经常用作同义词，但“协议”这一术语含义更广，例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款（essential clauses/provisions）。
实际使用当中，协议可不受必备条款的限制，而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款，有的合同将其单列，称为一般条款（General provisions）。 ，
1999中国《合同法》第十二条规定了八项一般条款，分别是：1. title or name and domicile of the parities（当事人的名称或姓名和住址）
2. contract object（标的）
3. quantity（数量）
4. quality（质量）
5. price or remuneration（价款或者报酬）
6. time limit， place and method of performance （履行期限、地点和方式）
7. liability for breach of contract（违约责任）
8. methods to settle disputes （解决争议的方法）
上述解释说明，contract（合同）和agreement（协议）的概念虽然接近，但使用范围不同，不能互换使用。合同是协议的重要组成部分，所有合同一定是协议，而协议不见得都是合同。可以说具备合同成立要求的具有强制执行力的协议才是合同。
结构特点
合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务，是预防与解决争议的依据。合同英语行文慎密而准确，历史悠久，深含法律文化底蕴。
中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所，然后是合同正文，结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头：
This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of _____（month）， _______ （year） by and between Party A （hereinafter called " Party A "）and Party B（hereinafter called " Party B "）
然后是开始陈述：
WHEREAS…THEREFORE
… It is hereby agreed as follows：
或以：
WITNESSETH， WHEREAS…
NOW THEREFORE， for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein， the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows：
接着是正文，最后是证明部分：
IN WITNESS WHEREOF，the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written.
随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期一般在英文合同最搬弄是非是找不到的。
下面列出新加坡、美国、香港和日本的合同格式。
A. 新加坡
Agreement
THIS AGREEMENT is made the 9th day of August， 2001 between LUCKY INTERNATIONAL LTD， a company incorporated in Singapore and having its registered office at Telek Blongar Rise， Singapore 19569 （hereinfater called "The Company"） of the part and JACK Wong （NRIC No._________ /A） of 108 Orchar Road， Singapore 01688 （hereinafter called "The Mangager"） of the other part.
WHEREAS：
1. The company is engaged in IT business and requires a person with the necessary qualifications and experience to manage its business.
2. …。
NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows：
1. The company shall employ the Manager and the Manager shall serve the Company as manager of the Company's IT business for a period of two years commencing on 1st day of September
2. …。
IN WITNESS WHEREOF， the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written.
THE SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TO
Duties of Manger
1. To manage， maintain and promote the business of the Company.
2.
3.
SIGNED by Roger Tan
For and on behalf of LUCKY INTERANTIONAL LTD
In the presence of
SIGNED by TERESA WONG
In the presence of
新加坡的通用合同分五部分：
第一部分：称为parties， 主要介绍合同各方的姓名或名称，注册地国及地址、邮编及各自在合同的简称。开头框架一般为：
THIS AGREEMENT is made the ——__________ day of _____ （month），____ （year） between A _______ （hereinafter called "The Company"） of the part and B______， （hereinafter called "The Manager"） of the other part.
句子开头THIS AGREEMENT
或CONTRACT和当事人的姓名和名称，都应大写。当事人是自然人的，用“of”和其后的住址相连；是法人或非法人单位的，用“having its registered office at”和其后注册地址相连。
第二部分：称为recital.以WHEREAS开头，进入叙述部分，用陈述正式说明当事人订立合同的原因。
第三部分：称为habendum，正文。具体约定当事人的权利和义务。正文部分的结束段为：
IN WITNESS WHEREOF， the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written.
这段作用相当于中文合同的“双方签字盖章，特此为证”。
第四部分：称为schedule或addendum，附录。是对前述合同部分条款的必要补充。不是所有合同都有这一项。
第五部分：称为attestation，证明部分。当事人如果自然人，用“SIGNED by __” 英文写作翻译；连接后填写见证姓名的表达部分“In the presence of ____”；当事人是法人或非法人单位时，授权代表后接的是“SIGNED for and on behalf _____ of____”，然后才是In the presence of _______.与中文合同的显著不同是签章处除当事人外，多了一个In the presence of _______供证人签字之处。另一不同的是合同订立日期没有放在合同最后，而是出现在开头段的当事人介绍部分。
第五部分在新加坡还有另一种表达
As Witness our Hands this _____day of _____，in the year of our Lord Tow Thousand and One.
Signed， sealed， and delivered by the above named
In the presence of
Signature
Address
Occupation
上述合同的格式很有代表性，其它英文格式与之相比大同大异，有的合同中不含附录。
B. 美国
APPOINTMENT AS CONTRACT FULL-TIME SENIOR CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATOR
AN AGREEMENT FOR SERVICES made the 1st day of September， 2000 between ______ of _____ （address）（hereinafter referred to as "the Company"） as one part and Mr._______ of _______（address） （hereinafter referred to as the Contractor） of the other part.
WHEREBY IT IS AGREED AND DECLARED AS FOLLOWS：
1. THAT the Company shall …
2. This agreement shall commence on …。
3.
4.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF， both parties set their hands on the date herein mentioned
SIGNED BY
Name ：
Designation ：
For and on behalf of ： （signature）
Contractor ：
Designation ：
For and on behalf of ： （signature）
本合同分为四个大部分（缺附录，schedule）。与上一合同基本相同，但第一段没有谓语，不是个完整的句子。个别用词与前一合同有差别。最后落款处还多了了“职务”，即designation（有的合同还惯用position）。
C. 香港
CONTRACT
CONTACT NO.
SIGNING DATE/PLACE
THE BUYER： Name
Legal Address
Contact
THE SELLER： Name
Legal Address
Contact
This contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller.
Whereby the Buyer agrees o buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions.
1. NAME OF COMMODITY AND SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT 2. PRICE 3. PAYMENT译4. PACKING 5.
IN WITHNESS WHEREOF， this contract has been executed effective as of the date first above written.
THE BUYER THE SELLER
___________ ___________
By：__________ By：__________
Date：——_________ Date：——_________
THE END USER
___________
By： __________
Date： ——____-_________
比起前两个合同，该买卖合同的不同之处于在于，合同开头出现了合同编号和签署日期，当事人名称或姓名采用简单列举式。证明部分用完成时被动态，最后落款处SIGNED BY项目，但增加了最终用户一项。
D. 日本
SERVICE AGREEMENT
This agreement is made and entered into on March 1st ，2001， by and between______ LTD （hereinafter referred to as "PARTY A"）， and ________CO.， LTD. （（hereinafter referred to as "PARTY B"）
WITNESSTH：
WHEREAS， PARTY B has requested by PARTY A to dispatch its personal for the purpose of _______ to PARTY b； and
WHEREAS， （PARTY A is willing to dispatch its personnel t PARTY B in response to such PARTY B's request）
NOW， THEREFORE， in consideration of the mutual promises and covenants herein contained ， the parties hereto agree as follows：
1. 2. 3.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF， the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective duly authorized officers as of the date first herinabove written.
______ Ltd. ________ Co.， Ltd.
（signature） （signature）
MANAGING DIRECTOR MANAGING DIRECTOR
该合同也由四大部分构成，与上述合同最大的不同在于，在叙述部分上端加了一个WITNESSETH（鉴于），最后落款处也没有SIGNED BY 项目，但授权签字代表的职位真接打出来，放在签字的下一行。别外，当事人的简称部分用的都是大写。
相比之下，英文合同除个别地方外，整个合同的段落排列，句式和用词大同小异。在草拟英文合同时，只要仿用上述任何一个，都算是地道的英文表达。
用词特点（formal term）
合同英语的用词极其考究，具有特定性。要求选词专业化（professional）、正式（formal）、准确（accurate）。具体体现在下列方面：
1. May， shall， must ，may not （或shall not） 的使用 ，May， shall ， must ，may not （或shall not）对学过英语的人再熟悉不过，但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。权利义务的约见定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当，可能会引起纠纷。
may 旨在约定当事人的权利（可以做什么），Shall约定当事人的义务（应当做什么时候）， must 用于强制性义务（必须做什么），may not （或shall not）用于禁止性义务（不得做什么）。May do 不能说成can do， shall do， 不能说成should do 或ought to do， may not do 在美国一些法律文件可以用shall not，但绝不能用can not do或must not ） 例如，在约定解决争议的途径时的，可以说The parties hereto shall， first of all， settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations.
Should such negotiations fail， such dispute may be referred to the People's Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs.
本句中的shall 和may表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商，所以采用了义务性“约定”，如果协商解决不了，作为当事人的权利，用选择性约定may也很妥当。如果may和shall调换位置会怎么样？ 前半句的shall换用may后，意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决，意思上说得过去，但后半句的may换用shall 后，变成了应当诉讼解决，好象一出事，就要先见官，这就有些不友好了。
本句可译：双方首先应通过友好协商，解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果，合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协方的，可将争议提交有管辖权的人民法院解决。
2. 正式用语（formal term）
合同英语有着严肃的风格，与其它英语作品有很大不同。
例如：
“因为”的短语多用“by virtue of "，远远多于”due to“一般不用”because of “；”财务年度末“一般用”at the close of the fiscal year“，而不用”in the end of the fiscal year“；”在……之前“一般用”prior to“，而不用”before“；
“关于”常用“as regards”， “concerning”或“relating to”，而不会用“about”；
“事实上”用“in effect”，而不用“in fact”；
“开始”用“commencement”，而不用“start”或“begin”；
“停止做”用“cease to do”，而不用“stop to do”；
“何时开会并由某某主持”的表述为：The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb.
其中“召开”不用“hold 或call”，而用“convene”； “主持”不用“chair”或“be in charge of ”，而用“preside”；
“其他事项”用“miscellaneous”， 而不用“other matters/events”；
“理解合同”用“construe a contract” 或“comprehend a contract”，而不用“understand a contract”；
“认为”用“deem”，用“consider”少，不用“think”或“believe”；
“愿意做”用“intend to do”或“desire to do”，而不用“want to do”， “wish to do”。
三、用词专业（technical terms）
合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移，它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的“瑕疵”、 “救济”、 “不可抗力”、 “管辖”、“损毁”、 “灭失”等就可能让非行业人士费解，在英语以上表达分别为defect、remedy、force majuere/Act of God、jurisdiction、damage and/or loss）。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as ， whereas， in witness whereof， for and on behalf of ， hereby， thereof 等虚词。这也是合同英语的一大特色。
其它例子还有：
“赔偿”用“indemnities”，而不用“compensation”
“不动产转让”用“conveyance”，而不用“transfer of real estate”
“房屋出租”用“tenancy”，而“财产出租”用“lease of property”
“停业”用“wind up a business”或“cease （名词是cessation） a business”，而不用“end/stop a business”
专利许可中的“特许权使用费”只用“royalities”
还款或专利申请的“宽限期”英文“grace”，
“当事人在破产中的和解”用“composition”
以实物出资为“investment in kind”
“依照合同相关规定”一般说“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等，不说“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”
“合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”英文表述为“Neither party hereto may assign this contract”，其中“hereto”表示“to the contract”，选用“Neither party to the contract”较少。
3. 同义词、近义词、相关词的序列
FOR value RECEIVED，the undersigned does hereby sell， transfer， assign and set over to ______ all his right， tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated ______， 19____ by and between the undersigned and ______，a copy of which is annexed hereto.
在这里的同义词和近义词并列（如sell， transfer， assign and set over，right和 tile and interest），在英文合同里十分普遍。这是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑，有的也属于合同用语的固定模式。如：
This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.句中“made and entered into”和“by and between”两组分别属于同义词和相关词并列。
For and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein， the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows： 句中“for and in consideration of ”， “covenants and agreements”三组同义司和近义词并列。
The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein. 这里的“on the terms”和“subject to the conditions”是一个意思都表示“依照本协议的条款规定”。合同条款的固定模式是“terms and conditions”
再例如：
“Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the effective date”，一句中的“release”和“discharge”意思几乎相同。
并列的词还有：
ships and vessels support and maintenance licenses and permits charges， fees， costs and expenses any and all any duties， obligations or liabilities the partners， their heirs， successors and assigns control and management of the partnership applicable laws， regulations， decrees， directives， and rules
5. 拉丁词
在国外合同中，拉丁词仍然是很常见：
比例税率：用pro rate tax rate要比proportional tax rate多
从事慈善性服务的律师：pro bono lawyer，不怎么用lawyer engaged in charitable legal assistance
委托代理人：多用agent ad litem.
2009年9月11日星期五
英文合同翻译
英语合同翻译（二）
六 therein
英文释义:in that; in that particular; in that respect
中文译词:在那里；在那点上，在那方面
用法:在表示上文已提及的“合同中的……，工程中的……”等时使用。例如表示“修补工程中的缺陷”：“the remedying of any defects therein”，此处therein表示“in the Works”；表示“用于工程中的材料或机械设备”：“materials or plant for incorporation therein”，这里的therein表示“in the Works”。
语法：置于所修饰词后,紧邻修饰词。
例1
“Temporary Works” means all temporary works of every kind (other than the Contractor’s Equipment) required in or about the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein.
注释：
(1) Temporary Works：临时工程，是指为永久工程服务的工程，永久工程建成后应予以拆除。建造临时工程的费用，按国际FIDIC合同条件规定，应由承包人负责。
(2) Defects：缺陷，表示工程施工出现的问题，即工程本身存在的问题，而不是因业主使用不当造成的。
(3) the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein：工程施工、竣工和修补工程中任何缺陷。建造一项工程一般分成两个阶段进行，工程设计、施工、竣工为第一阶段，修补工程中任何缺陷为第二阶段，因此此句中的第一个and是对的，表示建造工程的两个阶段。
参考译文：
临时工程是指在工程施工、竣工和修补工程中任何缺陷时需要或与上述工程阶段有关的所有各种临时工程，但承包人的设备除外。
例2
The contractor shall not, without the prior consent of the Employer, assign the Contract or any part thereof, or any benefit or interest therein or thereunder, otherwise than by:
注释：
（1） the prior consent of the Employer：业主的事先同意 注意：consent只有单数形式，表示同意
（2） assign：转让
（3） therein：in the contract；thereunder：under the contract
（4） otherwise than by：但下列情况除外。也可写成：unless otherwise specified in the following circumstances:
参考译文：
没有业主的事先同意，承包人不得将合同或合同的任何部分，或合同中或合同名下的任何利益或好处进行转让，但下列情况除外：
例3
This Note means the Note mentioned in the Loan Agreement and is entitled to all the benefits provided therein. This refers to the rights and obligations therein of advance payments, default and acceleration of the maturity in the event of default.
注释：
（1） Note：期票，即借据，票据
（2） loan agreement：贷款协议
（3） be entitled to all the benefits：享有（贷款协议规定的）全部利益
（4） advance payment：预付
（5） default：违约
（6） in the event of default：因违约
参考译文：
本期票是贷款协议中所指的期票，享有贷款协议规定的全部利益，是指贷款协议中规定的预付、违约及因违约提前到期的权利和义务。
例4
A certificate of the Borrower shall, substantially, comply with the form set forth in Appendix 4, and the attachments specified therein.
注释：
（1）a certificate of the borrower：借款人说明书
（2）comply with：遵照
（3）the attachments specified therein：附录4规定的附件 therein：in Appendix 4
参考译文：
借款人证明书，其格式基本上应遵照附录4规定的格式及其规定的附件。
例5
If, at any time, an exemption shall be obtained from any such present or future taxes of any nature whatsoever imposed by local authorities or any political subdivision or taxing authorities thereof or therein as shall, under the Contract, be due in respect of any payment or payments, the Borrower shall promptly deliver to the Agent a copy of the certified documents evidencing the exemption in question.
注释：
（1） exemption：免征税款
（2） local authorities：地方当局
（3） any political subdivision：任何下属政府分支机构
（4） taxing authorities thereof or therein：地方当局的税收当局 therein：in local authorities
（5） under the Contract：根据合同规定
（6） shall be due：应予以征收的
（7） the certified documents evidencing the exemption in question：证明上述免税文件 in question：上述
参考译文：
任何时候，如果由当地或其任何政府分支机构或税收当局，对任何根据合同规定所支付费用应予以征收的税款，不论什么性质，现在或将来，凡可以免征的，借款人应及时向代理行递交一份证明上述免税文件的副本。
例6
Where enterprises with foreign investment were registered with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce before the promulgation of the Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China for Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises (hereinafter called the Tax Law), the enterprise in question shall pay income tax at the rates provided for therein.
注释：
（1） the Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China for Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises：中华人民共和国外商投资企业和外国企业所得税法。
（2） at the rates provided for therein：按税法规定的税率 therein：in the Tax Law
参考译文：
在《中华人民共和国外商投资企业和外国企业所得税法》（以下简称税法）公布前已经办理工商登记的外商投资企业，该企业应按税法规定的税率缴纳所得税。
例7
Where the Borrower has full power and authority to enter into this Agreement, to make the borrowings, to execute and deliver the Note and to incur the obligations provided for in this Agreement and therein, all the actions in question shall, properly and necessarily, be authorized by legal persons.
注释：
（1） the Borrower：借款人
（2） to make the borrowings：借贷资金
（3） to execute and deliver the Note：签署票据
（4） to incur the obligations provided for in this Agreement and therein：承担由此产生的义务 therein：in the Note
（5） all the actions in question：上述全部行为
（6） legal person：法人
参考译文：
借款人有充分的权力订立本协议，借贷资金、签署票据并承担由此而产生的义务，上述全部行为均应经法人适当和必需的授权。
例8
The Leasee shall, at his own expense, keep the commodity in good condition. Provided that the Leasor shall be responsible for the breakdown of the commodity and the Leasee may have the right to lodge claims against the Leasor for any losses occurred therein.
注释：
（1） leasee：承租人
（2） keep the commodity in good condition：维持商品的良好状况
（3） provided that：除非，表示进一步规定
（4） leasor：出租人
（5） to lodge claims against the Leasor：向出租人提出赔偿
（6） any losses occurred therein：因此所遭受的损失 therein：in the above-mentioned matters指出租商品出现的故障
参考译文：
承租人必须自负费用维持商品的良好状况；除非由出租人对商品的故障负责，承租人则有权向出租人提出赔偿因之所遭受的损失。
例9
When documents other than transport documents, insurance documents and commercial invoices are required, the credit shall provide for the following items, such as, the persons (drawers) by whom the documents in question are to be issued and the wording therein or da
注释：
（1） documents：shipping documents货运单据
（2） transport documents：运输单据
（3） insurance documents：insurance policies保险单据
（4） commercial invoice：商业发票
（5） the credit：the letter of credit 信用证
（6） drawer：出单人
（7） the wording therein：the wording in the documents 其措辞
（8） da
（9） referred to in the credit：信用证中所述的
参考译文：
当信用证要求运输单据、保险单据和商业发票以外的单据时，信用证应规定该单据的出单人及其措辞或项目内容。如信用证虽无此规定，但提交的单据的项目内容可能证实与信用证中所述的货物及/或服务有关联，则银行将予接受。
例10
If any loss or damage happens to the Works, or any part thereof, or materials or Plant for incorporation therein, during the period for which the Contractor is responsible for the care thereof, from any cause whatsoever, other than the risks defined in Sub-Clause 20.4, the Contractor shall, at his own cost, rectify such loss or damage so that the Permanent Works conform in every respect with the provisions of the Contract to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
注释：
（1） loss or damage：损失与损坏 注：loss与damage同义，同义词连用是合同文件语言特点之一。
（2） any part thereof：any part of the Works 工程中的任何一部分 thereof：of the Works
（3） for incorporation therein：used in the Works 用于工程中的 for incorporation in：used in 应译成“用于（工程）中”，而不能译成“进入工程” therein：in the Works 工程中
（4） at on
（5） rectify：弥补，纠正
（6） Permanent Works：永久工程
（7） to the satisfaction of the Engineer：达到工程师满意的程度
参考译文：
在承包人负责照管工程期间，如果工程或其任何部分或材料或用于工程中的设备，除第20.4款所规定的风险外，不管由于任何原因而遭受损失或损坏，承包人应自费弥补此类损失或损坏，以使永久工程在各方面均符合合同的规定，并达到工程师满意的程度。
七. thereof
英文释义: of that, of it
中文译词:由此,其
用法:在表示已提及的“人或事的……”时，为避免重复，可使用该词，比如表示“合同条件、条款”时，可译为“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”，此处的thereof表示“of the Contract”；表示“工程任何部分”，可译为“any parts thereof”，这里的thereof表示“of the Works”。
语法：置于所修饰词后,紧邻修饰词。
例1：
When the Buyer is entitled to determine the time within a specified period and /or the place of taking delivery, the Buyer in question shall give the Seller the notice thereof.
注释：
（1） be entitled to determine：有权确定
（2） the time within a specified period and /or the place of taking delivery：提取货物的时间和/或地点
（3） the notice thereof：有关这方面的通知 thereof：of the above-mentioned matters, that is, the time and the place of taking delivery.
参考译文：
买方有权确定在规定期限内提取货物的时间和/或地点时，应给卖方有关这方面的通知。
例2
The collection of tax or the cessation thereof, the reduction, exemption and refund of tax as well as the payment of tax unpaid shall, in accordance with the provisions of the relevant law, be implemented. Provided that if the State Council is authorized by the law to formulate and prepare the relevant provisions of the regulations, the provisions in question shall be implemented and complied with.
注释：
（1） the collection of tax：税收的开征
（2） the cessation thereof：税收的停征 thereof：of tax
（3） the reduction, exemption and refund of tax as well as the payment of tax unpaid：减税、免税、退税、补税
（4） the State Council：国务院
（5） to formulate and prepare the relevant provisions of the regulations：制定的行政法规规定 prepare：制定
参考译文：
税收的开征、停征以及减税、免税、退税、补税，依照法律的规定执行；法律授权国务院规定的，依照国务院制定的行政法规的规定执行。
例3
The Party applying for arbitration shall submit to an arbitration commission the arbitration agreement, the application for arbitration and the copies thereof.
注释：
（1） the Party applying for arbitration：当事人申请仲裁（是指申请仲裁的当事人）
（2） arbitration commission：仲裁委员会
（3） arbitration agreement：仲裁协议
（4） application for arbitration：仲裁申请书
（5） the copies thereof：the copies of the application for arbitration 仲裁申请书副本
参考译文：
当事人申请仲裁，应当向仲裁委员会递交仲裁协议、仲裁申请书及副本。
例4
“Tests on Completion” means such tests specified in the Contract or otherwise agreed by and between the Engineer and the Contractor as shall be made by the Contractor before the Employer takes over the Works or any section or part thereof.
注释：
（1） Tests on Completion：竣工检验
（2） otherwise agreed：另行商定
（3） Employer takes over the Works：业主接收工程
（4） any section or part thereof：工程任何部分、区段 thereof：of the Works
参考译文：
竣工检验指合同规定的或由工程师与承包人另行商定的检验。这些检验是由承包人在业主接收工程或工程任何部分、区段之前进行的。
例5
The collection order shall give specific instructions regarding the protest (or shall take other legal process in lieu thereof), in the event of non-acceptance or non-payment.
In the absence of such specific instructions, the banks concerned with the collection shall have no obligation to provide the protest (or to take other legal process in lieu thereof) when the banks in question experience non-acceptance and non-payment.
Any charges and /or expenses incurred by the banks in connection with such protest or other legal process shall be borne by the principal.
注释：
（1） the collection order：托收指示
（2） the protest：拒绝证书
（3） in lieu thereof：代替拒绝证书 thereof：of the protest
（4） non-acceptance or non-payment：拒绝承兑或拒绝付款
（5） the banks concerned with the collection：与托收有关的各银行
（6） experience non-acceptance and non-payment：遭到拒绝承兑或拒绝付款
（7） the principal：委托人
参考译文：
托收指示应对于在遭到拒绝承兑或拒绝付款时，是否需要作出拒绝证书（或采取其它替代法律手续）给予特别指示。
如无此项特别指示，与托收有关的各银行在遭到拒绝付款或拒绝承兑时，并无义务作出拒绝证书（或采取其它替代法律手续）。
银行由于作出拒绝证书或采取其它法律手续而发生的手续费或费用概由委托人负担。
例6
If the Seller makes the specification himself, he shall inform the Buyer of the details thereof and shall determine a reasonable time within which the Buyer may make a different specification. If, after receipt of the communication in question, the Buyer fails to do so within the time so determined, the specification made by the Seller shall be binding.
注释:
（1） makes the specification：订明规格
（2） the details thereof：the details of the specification规格的细节
（3） the communication in question：该通知
（4） shall be binding：应具有约束力
参考译文：
如果卖方自己制订规格，他必须将所制订的规格的细节通知买方，而且必须规定一段合理时间，让买方可以在该段时间内制订出不同的规格。如果买方在收到该通知后没有在该段时间内这样做，则卖方所订的规格应具有约束力。
例7
This Law shall apply to limited liability companies with foreign investment. Unless otherwise specified by the laws on Sino-foreign equity joint venture enterprises, Sino-foreign co-operative joint venture enterprises and wholly foreign-owned enterprises, the provisions thereof shall apply to them.
注释：
（1） apply to (sb.)：适用
（2） limited liability companies with foreign investment：外商投资的有限责任公司
（3） Sino-foreign equity joint venture enterprise：中外合资经营企业
（4） Sino-foreign co-operative joint venture enterprise：中外合作经营企业
（5） wholly foreign-owned enterprise：外资企业
参考译文：
外商投资的有限责任公司适用本法，有关中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业、外资企业的法律另有规定的，适用其规定。
例8
“Time for Completion” means such time for completing the execution of the Works and passing the Tests on Completion of the Works or any Section or part thereof as is specified in the Contract from the Commencement Date.
注释：
（1） time for completion：竣工时间
（2） the execution of the Works：施工
（3） any Section or part thereof：工程的任何部分或区段，thereof：of the Works
参考译文：
竣工时间是指合同规定从工程开工日期算起到工程或其任何部分或区段施工结束并且通过竣工检验的时间。
例9
The Employer shall, prior to the submission by the Contractor of the Tender, have made available to the Contractor, such da
注释：
（1） make available to the Contractor….：向承包人提供……
（2） da
（3） his own interpretation thereof：自己对上述资料的解释 thereof：of the da
参考译文：
在承包人提交投标书之前，业主应向承包人提供由业主或业主代表根据对该项工程的勘察所取得的水文地质资料，但是承包人应对他自己对上述资料的解释负责。
例10
If this Agreement is terminated for any reason whatsoever, all such drawings, transparencies, specifications, and any other manufacturing or engineering information as are supplied by Party A, including all the copies thereof, shall be returned to Party A, and Party B shall cease to manufacture the said Licensed Products or Components, or parts of the Licensed Products.
注释：
（1） this Agreement is terminated：本协议终止
（2） transparency：图片
（3） specifications：规格
（4） any other manufacturing or engineering information：其它全部生产和操作资料
（5） the said Licensed Products：上述许可证产品
参考译文：
如本协议因任何理由而终止，所有由甲方提供的图纸、图片、规格以及其它全部生产和操作资料，包括全部复制品，均返还甲方，同时，乙方应停止生产上述许可证产品、或部件、或零件。
八. thereafter, thereto, therewith, therefor, thereunder
1) thereafter: after that此后；之后
2）thereto: to that 随附；附之
3）therewith: with that 与此；与之
4）therefor: for that 因之；为此
5）thereunder: under that 在其下；依照
用法: 本节提及的各词，其用法与上面七节谈及的一样，主要强调的是“that”。如果强调的是“this”，则要用hereafter, hereto, herewith和hereof等。
语法：紧接所修饰词之后。
例1：
The decision and award of the arbitration tribunal shall be final, and the judgment on the decision and award in question may, under the request of either party to the Contract, be made by any court having jurisdiction. The parties thereto shall, in good faith, comply with the decision and award of the arbitration tribunal.
注释：
（1） decision and award of the arbitration tribunal：仲裁庭的仲裁决定或裁决
（2） the judgment：司法判决
（3） any court having jurisdiction：有管辖权的法院 jurisdiction：管辖权
（4） the parties thereto：合同双方 thereto：to the Contract
（5） in good faith：以良好诚信的态度
参考译文：
仲裁庭的仲裁决定或裁决是终局的，任何一方可以要求任何有管辖权的法院对此作出司法判决。双方须以良好诚信的态度遵守仲裁庭的决定。
例2：
"Patented Technology” means such letters patent, and application therefore as are presently owned or acquired in the future by Party B and /or as Party B has or may have the right to control or grant license thereof during the effective period of this Contract in any or all countries of the world, and as are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of this Contract Products.
注释：
（1） patented technology：专利技术
（2） letters patent：专利证，专利
（3） application therefore：专利申请
（4） grant license thereof：许可转让
（5） during the effective period of this Contract：本合同有效期间
（6） are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of this Contract Products：适用于或可能适用于制造本合同产品
参考译文：
“专利技术”，系指乙方目前拥有的或未来获得的和/或有权或可能有权控制的，或在本合同有效期间在世界任何国家许可转让的，适用于或可能适用于制造本合同产品的专利和专利申请。
例3：
“Contract Products” means the products specified in Appendix 2 to this Contract, together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto.
注释：
（1） Contract Products：合同产品
（2） Appendix 2 to this Contract：本合同附件2
（3） together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto：及其改进发展的产品 thereof：of the Contract Products；thereto：to the Contract Products
参考译文：
“合同产品”，系指本合同附件2中规定的产品及其改进发展的产品。
例4：
“Specifications” means the specifications of the Works included in the Contract and such any modification thereof or addition thereto as are made under Clause 95 or as are submitted by the Contractor and approved by the Engineer.
注释：
（1） specifications：规范
（2） any modification thereof or addition thereto：对规范的任何修改或增补 thereof：of the Specifications；thereto：to the Specifications
（3） under Clause 95：根据第95条规定
参考译文：
规范是指合同中包括的工程规范，以及根据第95条规定的或由承包商提出并经工程师批准的对规范的任何修改或增补。
例5：
The Defects Liability Certificate for the Works shall, within 28 days after the expiration of the Defects Liability Period, be issued by the Engineer, or, if different defects liability periods become applicable to different Section or parts of the Permanent Works, the expiration of the latest such period, or if, pursuant to Clause 82, any works instructed are completed to the satisfaction of the Engineer, the Defects Liability Certificate therefor shall be issued by the Engineer as soon as possible.
注释：
（1） the Defects Liability Certificate：缺陷责任证书
（2） the expiration of the Defects Liability Period： 缺陷责任期终止
（3） different defects liability periods become applicable to different Section or parts of the Permanent Works：不同的缺陷责任期适用永久工程的不同区段或部分
（4） any works instructed：任何按指示进行的工程
参考译文：工程的缺陷责任证书应由工程师在缺陷责任期终止后28天内颁发，或者，如果不同的缺陷责任期适用永久工程的不同区段或部分时，则在最后一个缺陷责任期终止或根据第82条，在任何按指示进行的工程已完成并达到工程师满意之后尽快签发。
例6：
The Borrower shall pay for the account of the Banks a commitment fee of on
注释：
（1） commitment fee：承诺费，承担费。贷款协议签定生效后，如借款人没有按期使用贷款，需向贷款人支付一定金额的补偿费用——承诺费或承担费。通常在贷款协议中确定一个承诺期。承诺期分为前后两期，前期不收承诺费，后期计收承诺费。如果在前段承诺期已使用全部承诺期金额，则不收承诺费。如果在前段承诺期未使用全部承诺期金额，其余额在后段承诺期使用，则计收承诺费。
（2） the Disbursement Date：贷款发放日
（3） the Termination Date：贷款终止日
（4） from the date in the third month thereafter：从其后第3个月的该日 thereafter：after the Termination Date
参考译文：
借款人每年应支付银行贷款承诺总额0.5%的承诺费。支付时间从签订合同之日起（包括该日在内），到贷款发放日和终止日中较早之日（但不包括该日在内）为止，从其后第3个月的该日起开始按季支付至发放日与终止日中较早之日。
例7：
If on
(a) The Borrower fails to pay any amount payable thereunder as and when such amount shall become payable.
注释：
（1） events of default：违约事件
（2） continues or continue：正在继续
（3） the remedies：补救方法
（4） fail to pay any amount payable thereunder：未能支付根据该协议规定应付的款项 thereunder：under the Contract
参考译文：
如果发生下列一种或一种以上违约事件（以下称违约事件），或该违约事件正在继续，代理行以及各行应行使第11.2款规定的救济方法。
（1）借款人未能支付根据该协议规定到期应付的款项。
九. whereas
释义: considering that, 鉴于，就......而论（法律用语）
用法: 常用于合同协议书的开头段落中，以引出合同双方要订立合同的理由或依据。
语法：紧接于要修饰词之前，常位于句首。
例1：
Whereas Party B has the right and agrees to grant Party A the rights to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Products of Patented Technology;
Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products;
The Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contract have, through friendly negotiation, agreed to enter into this Contract under the terms, conditions and provisions specified as follows:
注释：
（1） whereas：鉴于
（2） to grant Party A the rights to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Products of Patented Technology：将专利技术的合同产品的使用权、制造权和销售权授予甲方
（3） the Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contract：双方授权代表
（4） under the terms, conditions and provisions specified as follows：就以下条款
参考译文：
鉴于乙方有权并同意将专利技术的合同产品的使用权、制造权和销售权授予甲方；
鉴于甲方希望利用乙方的专利技术制造并销售合同的产品；双方授权代表经友好协商，同意就以下条款签订本合同：
例2：
Whereas Party A possesses proprietary technical information including designs, techniques, workmanship, formulas, skills and other da
Whereas Party B desires to acquire the right and licence to use the above-mentioned technical assistance for the purpose of manufacturing, using and selling such products; and
Whereas Party B desires to use the following trademarks owned by Party A.
Now Therefore, the parties hereto do hereby agree on the contents of the agreement as follows:
注释：
（1） proprietary technical information：专有技术信息
（2） designs, techniques, workmanship, formulas, skills and other da
（3） the right and licence：许可权利
（4） technical assistance：技术协助
（5） trademarks：商标
参考译文：
鉴于甲方拥有合同产品的生产及销售所涉及的技术信息，包括设计、技术、工艺、配方、技能和其他资料的专有权；
鉴于乙方以生产、使用和销售合同产品为目的，希望获得使用上述协助的许可权利；
鉴于乙方希望使用甲方所有的下述商标；
双方兹就下列内容达成一致：
例3：
Whereas the Borrower proposes to borrow from the Banks, and the Banks, severally but not jointly, propose to lend to the Borrower, an aggregate amount of $50,000,000, the Parties hereto have hereby made and concluded this Agreement as follows:
注释：
（1） whereas：鉴于
（2） severally but not jointly：分别但不连带地
（3） an aggregate amount：总额
（4） the Parties hereto have hereby made and concluded this Agreement as follows：当事人协议如下
参考译文：
鉴于借款人提出从银行借款，各银行分别但不连带地向借款人贷款，总额为$50,000,000（5000万美元），当事人协议如下：
例4：
Whereas the Borrower has requested the Bank to extend to the Borrower a term loan in the principal amount of On
Whereas the Bank is prepared to make such a loan available to the Borrower under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement;
Now Therefore, in consideration of the mutual promises contained herein, the Parties hereto do hereby agree on the contents of the agreement as follows:
注释：
（1） whereas：鉴于
（2） a term loan：定期贷款
（3） the principal amount：本金
（4） under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement：根据本协议规定的条件和款项
（5） in consideration of the mutual promises：以双方相互承诺为对价 consideration：对价
参考译文：
鉴于借款人根据本协议规定的条件和款项，已向银行要求向借款人提供一笔本金为100万美元（US$ 1,000,000）的定期贷款；
鉴于银行根据本协议规定的条件和款项，已准备向借款人提供此项定期贷款；
据此，以双方相互承诺为对价，就下述内容达成一致。
例5：
Whereas Party A and Party B, adhering to the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through friendly consultation, agree to jointly invest to establish a new joint venture company in China (hereinafter referred as “Joint Venture”). The Contract hereunder is made and concluded.
注释：
（1） whereas：鉴于
（2） adhering to the principle of equality and mutual benefit：按照平等互利的原则
（3） through friendly consultation：通过友好协商
（4） joint venture company：合资经营公司
（5） hereinafter referred as：以下称
参考译文：
鉴于甲方与乙方按照平等互利的原则，经过友好协商，决定共同投资在中国建立合资经营公司（以下称“合资企业”），为此达成如下合同。
十. whereby
释义: by the agreement; by the following terms and conditions, etc. 凭此协议, 凭此条款等
用法: 常用于合同协议书中，以引出合同当事人应承担的主要合同义务。
语法: 紧接于要修饰词之后。
例1：
For the purposes of these articles, the expressions “Documentary Letter(s) of Credit” and “Standby Letter(s) of Credit” used herein (hereinafter referred to as Credit(s), mean an arrangement or an agreement, whatever named or described, whereby a bank (the issuing bank), acting at the request and on the instructions of a customer (the applicant for the credit),
(i) will make payments to or to the order of a third party (the beneficiary), or will pay or accept bills of exchange (drafts) drawn by the beneficiary, or
(ii) will authorize another bank to effect such payment, or will pay, accept or negotiate such bill of exchange (drafts), against stipulated documents.
注释：
（1） Documentary Letter(s) of Credit” and “Standby Letter(s) of Credit”：“跟单信用证”和“备用信用证”
（2） mean an arrangement or an agreement：意指一项约定
（3） whereby：根据此约定，凭此协议
（4） the issuing bank：开证行
（5） the applicant for the credit：信用证申请人
（6） the order of a third party (the beneficiary)：第三方指定人（受益人）
（7） accept bills of exchange (drafts)：承兑汇票
（8） negotiate such bill of exchange (drafts)：议付该汇票
参考译文：
就本条文而言，文中使用的“跟单信用证”和“备用信用证”（以下称“信用证”），不论如何命名或描述，意指一项约定，根据此约定，银行（开证行）依照客户（信用证申请人）的要求和指示，根据规定的单据，
（i）向第三方（受益人）或其指定人进行付款，或支付或承兑受益人开立的汇票，或
（ii）授权另一家银行进行该项付款，或支付承兑或议付该汇票。
例2：
A sales contract refers to a contract whereby the seller transfers the ownership of an object to the buyer and the buyer pays the price for the object.
注释：
（1） sales contract：买卖合同
（2） whereby：凭此协议
（3） the seller：出卖人
（4） object：标的物，即买卖合同中出售的货物
（5） the buyer：买受人
参考译文：
买卖合同是出卖人转让标的物的所有权于买受人，买受人支付价款的合同。
例3：
A contract for supply and use of electricity refers to a contract whereby the supplier of electricity supplies electricity to the user of electricity, and the user of electricity pays the electric fee.
注释：
（1） whereby：by the Contract for supply and use of electricity 凭此供用电合同
（2） the supplier of electricity：供电人
（3） the user of electricity：用电人
参考译文：
供用电合同是供电人向用电人供电，用电人支付电费的合同。
例4：
A donation contract refers to a contract whereby the donator donates gratis its property to the donee, and the donee expresses the acception of the donation.
注释：
（1）donator：赠与人
（2）donee：受赠人
参考译文：
赠与合同是赠与人将自己的财产无偿给予受赠人，受赠人表示接受赠与的合同
英语合同翻译（三）
十一. notwithstanding
释义: in spite of （prep.）尽管；nevertheless （adv.）仍然
用法: 法律文件常用词，比although正式。
语法: 作介词用时，放在要引导的让步状语前
例1：
Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 91 of these Regulations, when a business establishment in charge of consolidated tax filing fails to compute the taxable income of different business establishments appropriately on a separate basis, the local tax authorities may make reasonable apportionment of the taxable income among these business establishments, under their respective proportion of business income, costs and expenses, assets, the number of staff and workers, or the amount of wages.
注释：
（1）Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 91 of these Regulations：虽有本细则第九十一条的规定
（2）a business establishment in charge of consolidated tax filing：负责合并申报缴纳所得税的营业机构
（3）fail to compute the taxable income of different business establishments appropriately on a separate basis：不能合理地分别计算各营业机构的应纳税所得额
（4）the local tax authorities may make reasonable apportionment of the taxable income among these business establishments：当地税务机关可以对应税所得在各营业机构之间合理分配
（5）under their respective proportion of business income, costs and expenses, assets, the number of staff and workers, or the amount of wages：按照营业收入比例、成本和费用比例、资产比例、职工人数或者工资数额的比例
参考译文：
虽有本细则第九十一条的规定，负责合并申报缴纳所得税的营业机构不能合理地分别计算各营业机构的应纳税所得额时，当地税务机关可以对应税所得总额，按照营业收入比例、成本和费用比例、资产比例、职工人数或者工资数额的比例，在各营业机构之间合理分配。
例2：
If, notwithstanding Sub-Clause 65.1, any damage occurs to any bridge or road communicating with or on the routes to the site due to the transport of materials or plant, the Contractor shall notify the Engineer of the matter in question, with a copy to the Employer, as soon as he becomes aware of such damage or as soon as he receives any claim from the authority entitled to make such claim.
注释：
（1） notwithstanding Sub-Clause 65.1：尽管有65.1款的规定
（2）any damage occurs to any bridge or road communicating with or on the routes to the site：对通往现场或位于通往现场路线上任何桥梁或道路造成任何损害
（3）due to the transport of materials or plant：因运输材料或设备
（4）the authority entitled to make such claim：有权提出此类索赔的机构
参考译文：
尽管有65.1款的规定，但如果发生因运输材料或设备而对通往现场或位于通往现场路线上任何桥梁或道路造成任何损害时，承包人在得知此类损害之后，或者收到有权提出此类索赔的机构的任何索赔要求之后，应立即通知工程师，并将一份副本呈交给业主。
例3：
The Engineer shall, from time to time, have authority to issue instructions on the following matters that: 1) any works shall, in the opinion of the Engineer, be removed and re-executed, notwithstanding any previous test thereof or interim payment therefor, because the following items fail to meet the requirements and provisions of the Contract:
(i) the materials, Plant or workmanship, or
(ii) the design by the Contractor or for which he is responsible.
注释：
（1）have authority to issue instructions on the following matters：有权对下列事项发出指示
（2）in the opinion of the Engineer：工程师认为
（3）any works shall be removed and re-executed：任何工程均应拆除并重新施工
（4）notwithstanding any previous test thereof or interim payment therefor：尽管事先已对其进行过任何检验或临时付款
（5）fail to meet the requirements and provisions of the Contract：不符合合同规定
参考译文：工程师有权随时对下列事项发出指示：1）尽管事先已对其进行过任何检验或临时付款，但对工程师认为任何工程因以下各项不符合合同规定的，均应拆除并重新施工：（1）材料、工程设备或工艺；或（2）由承包人设计或承包人对其负有责任的设计。
例4：
Notwithstanding any other provision of the Contract, if the Contractor intends to claim any additional payment pursuant to any Clause of these Conditions or other provisions, the Contractor in question shall, within 28 days after the event giving rise to the claim has first arisen, notify the Engineer of his intention, with a copy to the Employer.
注释：
（1）notwithstanding any other provision of the Contract：尽管本合同有其它规定
（2）intend to claim any additional payment：打算索取任何追加付款
（3）within 28 days after the event giving rise to the claim has first arisen：在引起索赔的事件第一次发生后28天内
（4）notify the Engineer of his intention：将其索赔意向通知工程师
参考译文：
尽管本合同有其它规定，如果承包人根据本合同的任何条款或其他有关规定打算索取任何追加付款的话，他都应在引起索赔的事件第一次发生后28天内，将其索赔意向通知工程师，并将一份副本呈交业主。
例5：
The Works shall be measured net, notwithstanding any general or local custom, except where otherwise provided for in the contract.
注释：
（1）the Works shall be measured net：工程计量应该计量净值
（2）notwithstanding any general or local custom：无论通常的和当地的习惯如何 any general or local custom：通常的和当地的习惯
参考译文：
无论通常的和当地的习惯如何，工程计量应该计量净值，但合同另有规定的除外。
例6：
Notwithstanding the provisions of this Clause or any other Clause of the Contract, no payment certificates shall be issued by the Engineer until the performance security is submitted by the Contractor under the Contract and approved by the Employer.
注释：
（1）notwithstanding the provisions of this Clause or any other Clause of the Contract：尽管有本条款或任何其它合同条款的规定
（2）payment certificate：支付款证书
（3）the performance security：履约保证
参考译文：
尽管有本条款或任何其它合同条款的规定，在承包人提交履约保证并经业主批准之前，工程师不对任何支付款额开具证书。
例7：
Notwithstanding the issue of the Defects Liability Certificate, the Contractor and the Employer shall remain liable for the fulfillment of any outstanding obligation incurred under the provisions of the Contract when the Defects Liability Certificate is issued. To determine the nature and extent of the obligations in question, the Contract shall be deemed to remain in force and be binding upon the parties thereto.
注释：
（1）notwithstanding the issue of the Defects Liability Certificate：尽管颁发了缺陷责任证书 the defects liability certificate：缺陷责任证书
（2）any outstanding obligation：尚未履行的义务
（3）to determine the nature and extent of the obligations in question：为了确定任何此类义务的性质和范围
参考译文：
尽管颁发了缺陷责任证书，但承包人和业主仍应对在缺陷责任证书颁发时尚未履行的义务承担责任。为了确定任何此类义务的性质和范围，合同应被认为对合同双方仍然有效。
例8：
Notwithstanding IB 6.2, the Owner reserves the right to accept or reject any Bid, and to annul the bidding process and to reject all Bids, at any time prior to the award of the Contract, without thereby incurring any liability to the affected Bidder or Bidders or any obligation to inform the affected Bidder or Bidders of grounds for its act
注释：
（1）notwithstanding IB 6.2：尽管有IB6.2款的规定 IB：Instructions to Bidders 投标者须知。注：IB不能译成“对投标者的指示”，因为在投标阶段，业主与投标人之间没有合同关系，即上下级关系。合同成立后，投标人成为承包人，那么可以就“对承包人的指示”，这里只能译成“投标者须知”。
（2）Bid：投标（书）
（3）to annul：put an end to 废除，废止
（4）award of Contract：授予合同
（5）thereby：by that means；by doing or saying that 由此，因此，是以
（6）affected Bidder：受影响的投标人
（7）grounds for its act
参考译文：
尽管有IB6.2款的规定，业主在授予合同前，有保留授受或拒绝任何投标、废除投标程序、拒绝所有投标的权利，而且不承担由此而对投标人造成的不利条件的责任，同是也不承担通知受影响的投标人有关业主作出这一决定的原因的义务。
十二. shall
释义: 应该，必须
用法: 在合同等法律文件中，表示强制性承担法律或合同义务。有时可用will，但力度比shall弱。这时决不能用“must”或“should”。should在法律文件里往往用作“if”，只表示“如果”之意。
例1
The board meeting shall be called and presided over by the Chairman. Should the Chairman be absent, the vice-Chairman shall, in principle, call and preside over the board meeting.
注释：
（1）The board meeting shall be called and presided over by the Chairman.：董事会会议应由董事长召集并主持 the board meeting：董事会会议 preside over：主持
（2）the vice-Chairman：副董事长
参考译文：
董事会会议应由董事长召集并主持；如董事长缺席时，原则上，应由副董事长召集主持。
例2
The Chinese-Foreign Cooperative Joint Ventures Company shall terminate upon the expiration of the joint venture term.
注释：
（1）the Chinese-Foreign Cooperative Joint Ventures Company：中外合作经营公司
（2）the expiration of the joint venture term：合作期满时
参考译文：
中外合作经营公司应于合作期满时终止。
例3
The term of the Company shall be 5 years commencing from the date of issuance of the Company’s business license.
注释：
（1）the term of the Company：公司的期限
（2）the date of issuance of the Company’s business license：公司营业执照签发之日
参考译文：公司的期限为5年，自公司营业执照签发之日计算。
例4
This Contract and the appendices hereto shall come into force from the date of approval by the examination and approval authorities.
注释：
（1）the appendices hereto：the appendices to this Contract 本合同附件
（2）shall come into force：应生效
参考译文：本合同及其附件须经审批机构批准，应自批准之日生效。
例5
Any amendment to this Contract or to its appendices shall come into force after the written agreement is concluded and signed by the Parties hereto and approved by the original examination and approval authorities.
注释：
（1）any amendment to this Contract or to its appendices：本合同及其附件的任何修改
（2）the original examination and approval authorities：审批机构
参考译文：
本合同及其附件的任何修改，必须经双方签署书面合同文件，并报原审批机构批准后才能生效。
例6
This Company shall be a Chinese legal person. All activities hereof shall be governed and protected by the Laws and relevant rules and regulations of People’s Republic of China.
注释：
（1）a Chinese legal person：中国法人
（2）shall be governed and protected by the Laws and relevant rules and regulations of People’s Republic of China：应受中华人民共和国法律和法规的管辖和保护
参考译文：
本公司应为中国法人。公司的一切活动应受中华人民共和国法律和法规的管辖和保护。
例7
The production and business scope of the Company shall be as follows: to manufacture, sell and develop cooperatively produced products and other relevant products.
注释：
（1）the production and business scope of the Company：公司的生产及经营范围
（2）to manufacture, sell and develop cooperatively produced products：制造、销售和开发合作产品
（3）relevant products：相关产品，配套产品
参考译文：
公司的生产及经营范围是制造、销售和开发合作产品及其相关或配套产品。
例8
The first Board meeting shall be convened within on
注释：
（1）be convened within on
（2）the issuance of the Company’s business license：公司营业执照的签发
参考译文：
第一次董事会应在公司营业执照的签发后一个月内召开。
例9
The date of issuance of the business license of the Company shall be the date of the establishment of the Board of Directors of the Company.
注释：
（1）the date of the establishment of the Board of Directors of the Company：公司董事会成立之日
参考译文：
公司营业执照签发之日应为公司董事会成立之日。
例10
The documents on the major issues of the Company, including but not limited to, the management plan, the monthly report, quarterly report and annual report, shall be signed jointly by the General Manager and the Deputy General Manager, then the documents shall come into effect.
注释：
（1）the documents on the major issues of the Company：公司的重要文件
（2）the management plan：管理计划
（3）the monthly report：月度报告
（4）quarterly report：季度报告
（5）annual report：年度报告
（6）shall be signed jointly by the General Manager and the Deputy General Manager：应由总经理和副总经理会签
参考译文：
公司的重要文件，包括，但不限于管理计划、月度、季度及年度报告，须经总经理和副总经理会签方为有效。
十三 unless otherwise
释义: 除非
用法: 比“if not”和“otherwise”表达正式，由两个同义词“unless”和“otherwise”组成。
语法：一般后面紧跟动词，表示“除非另……”，比如表示“除非合同另有规定”，可以说“unless otherwise specified in the Contract”；又如表示“除非信用证另有规定”，可以说“unless otherwise specified in the Letter of Credit”。
例1
These articles shall apply to all documentary credits, including standby letters of credit, to the extent to which the credits in question shall be applicable, and shall be binding on the Parties to the Contract, unless otherwise expressly agreed by the Parties thereto.
注释：
（1）these articles：本条文
（2）apply to：适用
（3）the extent to which the credits in question shall be applicable：其适用范围内（指该信用证适用范围内）
（4）shall be binding on the Parties to the Contract：对合同各有关方面均具有约束力
参考译文：
本条文适用于一切跟单信用证，并包括在其适用范围内的备用信用证，除非另有约定，对合同各有关方面均具有约束力。
例2
Unless otherwise specified in the credit, banks will accept a document bearing a date of issuance prior to that of the credit, subject to such document being presented within the time limits specified in the credit and in these articles.
注释：
（1）unless otherwise specified in the credit：除非信用证另有规定
（2）a document bearing a date of issuance prior to that of the credit：出单日期早于信用证开证日期的单据
（3）within the time limits specified in the credit and in these articles：在信用证和本条文规定的时限之内
参考译文：
除非信用证另有规定，银行将授受出单日期早于信用证开证日期的单据，但该单据须在信用证和本条文规定的时限之内提交。
例3
Unless otherwise specified in the credit, banks will reject a transport document issued by a forwarding agent. Provided that unless such transport document is the FIATA combined Transport Bill of Lading approved by the International Chamber of Commerce or otherwise the transport document indicates that it is issued by a forwarding agent acting as a carrier or an agent of a named carrier.
注释：
（1）unless otherwise：除非……（另有规定）
（2）transport document：运输单据
（3）forwarding agent：运输行
（4）the FIATA：国际运输商协会联合会
（5）combined Transport Bill of Lading：联合运输提单
（6）the International Chamber of Commerce：国际商会
（7）carrier：承运人
参考译文：
除非信用证另有规定，银行将拒受运输行出具的运输单据，但是有“国际运输商协会联合会”的联合运输提单或注明运输行作为承运人或某承运人的代理人出具的运输单据除外。
例4
In the case of carriage by sea or by more than on
注释：
（1）carriage by sea or by more than on
（2）be loaded on deck：装舱面
（3）unless otherwise specifically specified and authorized in the credit：除非信用证特别授权
参考译文：
如属海运或多种类型运输中包括海运，除非信用证特别授权，银行将拒受注明货装舱面或要装舱面的运输单据。
例5
Unless otherwise specified in the credit, banks will accept transport documents indicating the third party other than the beneficiary of the credit as the consignor of the goods.
注释：
（1）unless otherwise specified in the credit：除非信用证另有规定
（2）the third party other than the beneficiary of the credit：信用证受益人以外的第三者
（3）the consignor of the goods：发货人
参考译文：
除非信用证另有规定，银行将授受表明以信用证受益人以外的第三者作为发货人的运输单据。
例6
Unless otherwise specified in the credit, commercial invoices shall be made out in the name of the applicant for the credit.
Unless otherwise specified in the credit, banks may refuse commercial invoices issued with amounts exceeding that specified and permitted by the credit.
注释：
（1）commercial invoice：商业发票
（2）in the name of the applicant for the credit：信用申请人为抬头
（3）may refuse commercial invoices issued with amounts exceeding that specified and permitted by the credit：可拒受其金额超过信用证允许金额的商业发票；that specified and permitted by the credit：the amount specified and permitted by the credit 信用证允许金额
参考译文：
除非信用证另有规定，商业发票必须做到以信用证申请人为抬头。
除非信用证另有规定，银行可拒收其金额超过信用证允许金额的商业发票。
例7
Wherever, in the provisions of this Contract, any such notice, consent, approval, certificate or determination as are made and issued by any person are mentioned, unless otherwise specified in this Contract, such notice, consent, approval, certificate or determination shall be in writing, and the words “notify”, “certify” or “determine” shall be construed accordingly. Provided that any such consent, approval, certificate or determination shall not unreasonably be withheld or delayed.
注释：
（1）in the provisions of this Contract：本合同条款中
（2）notice, consent, approval, certificate or determination：通知、同意、批准、证明或决定
（3）shall be construed accordingly：据此解释
（4）shall not unreasonably be withheld or delayed：都不应被无故扣压或拖延
参考译文：
本合同条款中，无论何处提及由任何人发出或颁发的任何通知、同意、批准、证明或决定，除合同另有说明者外，均指书面的通知、同意、批准、证明或决定，而通知、证明或决定字样均应据此解释。对于任何此类通知、同意、批准、证明或决定都不应被无故扣压或拖延。
例8
Unless otherwise expressly specified in the Contract, the Engineer shall have no authority to relieve the Contractor of any of his obligations under the Contract.
注释：
（1）have no authority to relieve the Contractor of any of his obligations under the Contract：无权解除合同规定的承包人的任何义务 relieve sb. of sth.：解除某人的……（权利、义务）
参考译文：
除在合同中明确规定外，工程师无权解除合同规定的承包人的任何义务。
例9
Unless otherwise agreed by the Parties to the Contract, all expenses and disbursements, such as cabling, traveling and other expenses incurred in connection with the sale of products, shall be borne by the Agent. Provided that the Agent shall also bear the expenses for maintaining offices and other expenses for the performance of the obligations of the Salesmen and for the implementation of the instructions given by the Seller.
注释：
（1）all expenses and disbursements：所有的费用和支出
（2）cabling, traveling：电讯费，差旅费
（3）provided that：in addition 除此以外（这里表示进一步规定之意）
（4）expenses for maintaining offices：维持其办公处的费用
（5）the performance of the obligations of the Salesmen：履行销售人员义务
参考译文：
除另有约定外，所有的费用和支出，如电讯费，差旅费以及其他有关商品销售的费用，都应由代理商承担。除此以外，代理商还应承担维持其办公处的费用，及其它履行销售人员义务和执行卖方指示而发生的费用。
例10
Unless otherwise expressly provided for in this Contract, the Agent shall have no obligations to account to any Bank for any amount received in respect of any loan maintained by the Agent or any of its affiliates or for the profits related to the loan. The Agent and its affiliates may make loans to, accept deposits from, and generally engage in any kind of business with, the Borrower as though the Agent in question were not as an Agent.
注释：
（1）unless otherwise expressly provided for in this Contract：除本合同另有明确规定外
（2）generally engage in any kind of business with, the Borrower as though the Agent in question were not as an Agent：并一般地与借款人进行各种经营活动，如同不是代理行一样
参考译文：
除本合同另有明确规定外，代理行没有义务向任何银行说明由于它或它的附属机构贷款而收到的金额或其利润。代理行及其附属机构可以向借款人贷款，接受借款人存款，并一般地与借款人进行各种经营活动，如同不是代理行一样。
十四 in accordance with; under; pursuant to
释义: 根据，按照
用法: 法律文件常用语，比according to正式
例1
On the FOB basis, the Buyer shall book shipping space in accordance with the date of shipment specified in the Contract.
注释：
（1）FOB = Free on board：船上交货。按照1999年9月国际商会公布的《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》的规定，采用该术语，卖方将货物在合同指定的装运港装到买方的船上，即完成交货。卖方承担货物越过船舷以前的风险和费用。买方则承担其后的一切风险和费用。采用这个术语，在FOB后面要注明装运港名称，如FOB Shanghai。
（2）book shipping space：洽定舱位
in accordance with: 根据
（3）the date of shipment：装运日期
参考译文：
按照FOB条件，由买方负责根据合同规定的装运日期洽定舱位。
例2
Foreign trade dealers shall, in accordance with laws, enjoy full autonomy in their business operation and be responsible for their own profits and losses.
注释：
（1）foreign trade dealers：对外贸易经营者
（2）full autonomy in their business operation：自主经营
（3）be responsible for their own profits and losses：自负盈亏
参考译文：
对外贸易经营者依法自主经营、自负盈亏。
例3
The staff and workers of a company may, in accordance with laws, organize a trade union to carry out union activities and protect the lawful rights and interests of the staff and workers. The company shall provide the necessary conditions for activities of the trade union of the company.
注释：
（1）the staff and workers of a company：公司职工
（2）organize a trade union to carry out union activities：组织工会，开展工会活动
（3）protect the lawful rights and interests of the staff and workers：维护职工的合法权益
（4）conditions for activities：活动条件
参考译文：
公司职工依法组织工会，开展工会活动，维护职工的合法权益。公司应当为本公司工会提供必要的活动条件。
例4
If, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph, a shareholder fails to pay its subscribed Capital Contribution, the shareholder in question shall bear the responsibility of default to the other shareholders who have fully paid their capital contributions.
注释：
（1）subscribed Capital Contribution：所认缴的出资
（2）shall bear the responsibility of default：承担违约责任
（3）the other shareholders who have fully paid their capital contributions：已足额缴纳出资的股东
参考译文：
股东不按照前款规定缴纳所认缴的出资，应当向已足额缴纳出资的股东承担违约责任。
例5
If, in accordance with laws or administrative regulations, the examination and approval from relevant departments are required, the approval documents shall, when applying to register the establishment of the company, be submitted.
注释：
（1）laws or administrative regulations：法律、行政法规
（2）the examination and approval：审批
（3）to register the establishment of the company：设立公司登记
（4）the approval documents shall be submitted：提交批准文件
参考译文：
法律、行政法规规定需要经有关部门审批的，应当在申请设立公司登记时提交批准文件。
例6
A wholly state-owned company shall establish a board of directors. The board shall, in accordance with the provisions of Article 46 and Article 66 of this Law, exercise and perform its duties. The term of office of the board of directors shall be three years.
注释：
（1）a wholly state-owned company：国有独资公司
（2）a board of directors：董事会
（3）exercise and perform its duties：行使职权，履行职责
（4）The term of office of the board of directors shall be three years：董事会每届任期为三年。
参考译文：
国有独资公司设立的董事会，依照本法第四十六条，第六十六条规定履行职责。董事会每届任期为三年。
例7
When, under the laws and approval from the relevant authorities, a limited liability company is converted into a company limited by shares, the total amount which shares are converted into shall be equivalent to the amount of the company’s net assets.
注释：
（1）a limited liability company is converted into a company limited by shares：有限责任公司变更为股份有限公司
（2）be equivalent to：相等
（3）the amount of the company’s net assets：公司净资产额
参考译文：
有限责任公司经批准变更为股份有限公司时，折合的股份总额应当相等于公司净资产额。
例8
A company limited by shares shall have a shareholders’ general meeting made up of all shareholders. The shareholders’ general meeting shall be the company’s authoritative organization and shall, in accordance with this Law, exercise its powers.
注释：
（1）a company limited by shares：股份有限公司
（2）shareholders’ general meeting：股东大会
（3）the company’s authoritative organization：公司的权力机构
（4）exercise on
参考译文：
股份有限公司由股东组成股东大会。股东大会是公司的权力机构，依照本法行使职权。
例9
The State shall, in accordance with the industrial policies, guide the orientation of foreign investment and encourage the establishment of such enterprises with foreign investment as adopt advanced technology and equipment and as export all or most of their products.
注释：
（1）the industrial policies：产业政策
（2）guide the orientation of foreign investment：引导外商投资方向
（3）encourage the establishment of such enterprises：鼓励举办企业
（4）export all or most of their products：出口全部或者大部分产品
参考译文：
国家按照产业政策，引导外商投资方向，鼓励举办采用先进技术、设备、产品全部或者大部分出口的外商投资企业。
例10
If any enterprise with foreign investment goes into liquidation, and if the balance of its net assets or the balance of its remaining property after deduction of the enterprise’s undistributed profit, various funds and liquidation expenses, exceeds the enterprise’s paid-in capital, the excess portion shall be liquidation income on which income tax shall, in accordance with the provisions of this Law, be paid.
注释：
（1）go into liquidation：进行清算
（2）net assets：资产净额
（3）remaining property：剩余财产
（4）the enterprise’s undistributed profit：企业未分配利润
（5）the enterprise’s paid-in capital：企业实缴资本
（6）the excess portion：超过部分
参考译文：
外商投资企业进行清算时，其资产净额或者剩余财产减除企业未分配利润、各项基金和清算费用后的余额，超过实缴资本的部分为清算所得，应当依照本法规定缴纳所得税。
十五 in respect of; in respect thereof
in respect of
释义: 关于
用法: 法律文件常用语，比about, concerning, as regards正式
in respect thereof
释义: 关于(上文已提及的事项)
用法: 例如表示“承包人已在其最终报表中，包括了对此事的索赔”，可以说“the contractor has included a claim in respect thereof in his Final Statement”，这里“in respect thereof”表示“in respect of the matters”。
语法：以上两个词组一般紧邻要修饰词之后
例1
Bank charges in respect of transfers are payable by the first beneficiary unless otherwise specified by the bank. The transferring bank shall have no obligations to effect the transfer until such charges are paid.
注释：
（1）bank charges：银行费用
（2）the first beneficiary：第一受益人
（3）the transferring bank：转拨银行，转让行
（4）shall have no obligations to effect the transfer：无办理转让的义务
（5）until such charges are paid：在该费用付清之前
参考译文：
除非银行另有规定，有关转让的银行费用应由第一受益人支付。在该费用付清之前，转让行无办理转让的义务。
例2
The notice in question shall state the discrepancies in respect of which the issuing bank refuses the documents and shall also state whether the bank will hold the documents waiting for the disposal of, or it will return them to, the holder of bill of exchange (remitting bank or the beneficiary, as the case may be).
注释：
（1）the notice in question：该通知
（2）the discrepancies：不符点，指受益人提示的汇票及货运单据与信用证规定不符合。
（3）the issuing bank：开证行
（4）waiting for the disposal of the holder of bill of exchange：听候交单者（持票人）处理
（5）the beneficiary：受益人
（6）as the case may be：视情况而定
参考译文：
该通知必须说明关于开证行拒受单据的不符点，并说明单据是否代为保存听候处理或退还交单者（寄单行或受益人，视情况而定）。
例3
If the remitting bank draws the attention of the issuing bank to any discrepancies in the documents, or advises the issuing bank that the remitting bank has already made payments, and bears the responsibility for deferred payments, acceptance or negotiation with recourse or under the guarantee in respect of the discrepancies in question, the issuing bank shall not be thereby relieved from any of its obligations under any provisions of this Article.
注释：
（1）bear the responsibility for deferred payments：承担迟期付款责任
（2）with recourse or under the guarantee：以保留追索权或根据保函
（3）in respect of the discrepancies in question：关于该不符点
（4）thereby：因此
参考译文：
如寄单行提请开证行注意单据中任何不符点或通知开证行：关于该不符点，它已以保留追索权或根据保函进行了付款，承担迟期付款责任、承兑或议付时，开证行不能因此而解除其根据本条文的任何义务。
例4
The Engineer shall, after due consultation with the Employer and the Contractor, determine such amount of the costs in respect of the above-mentioned additional Works as shall be added to the Contract Price, and shall notify the Contractor of the matter in question accordingly, with a copy to the Employer.
注释：
（1）after due consultation：适当协商后
（2）such amount of the costs in respect of the above-mentioned additional Works：上述额外工程费用的数额
（3）the Contract Price：合同总价
（4）shall notify the Contractor of the matter in question accordingly：同时通知承包人
（5）with a copy to the Employer：并将一份副本呈交业主
参考译文：
工程师应在与业主和承包人适当协商后，确定上述额外工程费用的数额，并加到合同总价中去，同时通知承包人，并将一份副本呈交业主。
例5
In respect of incomes obtained by enterprises in the form of non-monetary assets or rights and interests, the incomes in question shall be computed or appraised at prevailing market prices.
注释：
（1）in respect of incomes obtained by enterprises：企业取得的收入
（2）non-monetary assets or rights and interests：非货币资产或者权益
（3）shall be computed or appraised at prevailing market prices：应当参照当时的市场价格计算或者估定
参考译文：
企业取得的收入为非货币资产或者权益的，其收入额应当参照当时的市场价格计算或者估定
例6
In respect of income obtained by enterprises in foreign currencies, when, in accordance with the provisions of Article 15 of the Tax Law, the payment of income tax in quarterly installments is made, the taxable income shall be computed by converting the income into Renminbi at the exchange rate quotation of the State Administration of Exchange Control on the last day of the quarter. When, at the end of the year, the final settlement is made, no re-computation and re-conversion shall be made in respect of income in foreign currencies for which tax has already been paid on a quarterly basis. Provided that if the portion of the foreign currency income of the entire year has not been taxed, the taxable income in question shall be computed and converted into Renminbi at the exchange rate quotation on the last day of the tax year.
注释：
（1）the payment of income tax：缴所得税
（2）in quarterly installments：分季度付款
（3）the taxable income：应纳税所得额
（4）shall be computed by converting the income into Renminbi at the exchange rate quotation of the State Administration of Exchange Control on the last day of the quarter：应当按照季度最后一日的外汇牌价折合成人民币计算应纳税所得额
（5）the final settlement：年终汇算
（6）no re-computation and re-conversion shall be made：不再重新折合计算
参考译文：
企业所得为外国货币的，在依照税法第十五条规定分季缴纳所得税时，应当按照季度最后一日的外汇牌价折合成人民币计算应纳税所得额。年终汇算清缴时，对已按季度预缴税款的外国货币所得，不再重新折合计算。对全年未纳税的外国货币所得部分，按照年度最后一日的外汇牌价，折合成人民币计算应纳税所得额。
例7
Where there are reasonable interest payments incurred from loans in connection with production and business operation, the enterprises shall submit the proof documents in respect of the loans and interest payments. The interest payments in question shall, after the examination and verification and approval by the local tax authorities, be permitted to be itemized.
注释：
（1）reasonable interest payments incurred from loans：合理的借款利息
（2）in connection with production and business operation：与生产、经营有关的
（3）the proof documents：证明文件
（4）after the examination and verification and approval by the local tax authorities：经当地税务机关审核同意后
（5）shall be permitted to be itemized：准予列支，指详细列明
参考译文：
企业发生与生产、经营有关的合理的借款利息，应当提供借款付息的证明文件。经当地税务机关审核同意后，准予列支。
例8
In respect of the computation of depreciation of fixed assets, the salvage value shall first be estimated and deducted from the original cost of the assets. The salvage value shall not be less than 10% of the original value. Provided that if any retaining a lower salvage value or no salvage value is requested, the matter in question shall be approved by the local tax authorities.
注释：
（1）the computation of depreciation of fixed assets：固定资产的折旧计算
（2）the salvage value：残值
（3）the original cost of the assets：固定资产原价
（4）if any retaining a lower salvage value or no salvage value is requested：需要少留或者不留残值的
参考译文：
对于固定资产的折旧计算，应当估价残值，从固定资产原价中减除。残值应当不低于原价的百分之十；需要少留或者不留残值的，须经当地税务机关批准。
例9
The minimum useful life in respect of the depreciation of fixed assets shall be as follows:
(1)20 years for houses and buildings, and
(2)10 years for railway rolling stock, boats and ships, machinery and other production equipment.
注释：
（1）the minimum useful life：最短使用年限
（2）in respect of the depreciation of fixed assets：关于固定资产折旧
（3）railway rolling stock：铁路的全部车辆
参考译文：
固定资产折旧的最短使用年限如下：
（一）房屋、建筑物，为二十年；
（二）火车、轮船、机器、机械和其他生产设备，为十年。
英语合同翻译（四）
十六 in the event that; in the event of
释义: 如果，如果……发生
用法: 法律用语，比when正式，in the event that后接从句，in the event of后接名词性短语。
例1
In the event that either party hereto fails to comply with the terms or conditions of this Agreement, and, within 90 days after the written notice is issued by the other Party hereto, fails to remedy such failure, the Party giving notice may, forthwith, notify the other Party of the matter in question and terminate this Agreement.
注释：
（1）in the event that either party hereto fails to comply with the terms or conditions of this Agreement：如任何一方未能履行本协议规定的条款或条件
（2）within 90 days after the written notice is issued by the other Party hereto, fails to remedy such failure：在收到另一方书面通知之后90天内，未对其不履行进行补救
（3）the Party giving notice：发出通知的一方
（4）terminate this Agreement：终止本协议
参考译文：
如任何一方未能履行本协议规定的条款或条件，并在收到另一方书面通知之后90天内，未对其不履行进行补救，发出通知的一方可立即通知另一方终止本协议。
例2
Either Party hereto may terminate this Agreement in the event of the bankruptcy or insolvency of the other party.
注释：
（1）either Party hereto：本协议任何一方
（2）in the event of the bankruptcy or insolvency of the other party：在对方破产或资不抵债的情况下
参考译文：
本协议任何一方可以在对方破产或资不抵债的情况下终止本协议。
例3
A taxpayer shall not prevent a withholding agent from fulfilling its obligations of withholding or collecting tax in accordance with the Law. In the event that the taxpayer prevents a withholding agent from fulfilling its obligations, the withholding agent shall promptly report the case in question to the tax authorities.
注释：
（1）taxpayer：纳税人
（2）withholding agent：扣缴义务人
（3）in the event that the taxpayer prevents a withholding agent from fulfilling its obligations：纳税人拒绝扣缴义务人员履行代扣、代收税款义务
（4）tax authorities：税务机关
参考译文：
扣缴义务人员依法履行代扣、代收税款义务时，纳税人不得拒绝。纳税人拒绝的，扣缴义务人应当及时报告税务机关处理。
例4
The tax authorities shall have the right to assess the amount of tax payable by the taxpayer, in the event that the taxpayer has on
(1) accounting books are not kept in accordance with this Law; and
(2) accounting books are required to be kept under this Law but have not been kept.
注释：
（1）tax authorities：税务机关
（2）have the right to assess：有权核定
（3）in the event that the taxpayer has on
（4）accounting books：账簿
参考译文：
纳税人有下列情形之一的，税务机关有权核定其应纳税额。
（一）依照本法规定可以不设置帐簿的；
（二）依照本法规定应当设置但未设置帐簿的。
例5
In the event that the taxpayer makes the tax payment within the time limit specified in the preceding Paragraph, the tax authorities shall immediately lift the conditions for retaining tax revenue.
注释：
（1）in the event that the taxpayer makes the tax payment within the time limit specified in the preceding Paragraph：纳税人在前款规定的限期内缴纳税款的 within the time limit specified in the preceding Paragraph：在前款规定的限期内
（2）lift the conditions for retaining tax revenue：解除税收保全措施
参考译文：
纳税人在前款规定的限期内缴纳税款的，税务机关必须立即解除税收保全措施。
例6
In the event that, within the time limit prescribed by the Tax Law, an enterprise fails to submit the income tax returns and the final accounting statement due to special reasons, an application for extension shall, within the filing time limit, be made by the enterprise to the local tax authorities, and the filing time limit may, after the consent and approval by the local tax authorities, be extended appropriately.
注释：
（1）in the event that, within the time limit prescribed by the Tax Law：如果按照税法规定期限
（2）income tax returns：所得税申报表 returns：申报表
（3）final accounting statement：会计决算报表
（4）due to special reasons：因特殊原因
（5）within the filing time limit：在报送期限内 filing：报送，申报
（6）the consent and approval by the local tax authorities：当地税务机关批准
（7）be extended appropriately：适当延长
参考译文：
企业遇特殊原因，不能按照税法规定期限报送所得税申报表和会计决算报表的，应当在报送期限内提出申请，经当地税务机关批准，可以适当延长。
例7
In the event that any taxpayer or withholding agent fails to accept the examination of the tax authorities in accordance with the relevant provisions, or fails to pay the late-payment penalty within the time limit specified by the tax authorities, the local tax authorities may, under the seriousness of the case, impose a penalty of not more than RMB 5000 yuan.
注释：
（1）In the event that any taxpayer or withholding agent fails to accept the examination of the tax authorities in accordance with the relevant provisions：纳税义务人或者扣缴义务人未按照规定接受税务机关检查的 accept the examination of the tax authorities：接受税务机关检查
（2）pay the late-payment penalty：缴纳滞纳金
（3）under the seriousness of the case：根据情节轻重
（4）impose a penalty of not more than RMB 5000 yuan：处以五千元以下的罚款
参考译文：
纳税义务人或者扣缴义务人未按照规定接受税务机关检查的，或者未按照税务机关规定的期限缴纳滞纳金的，当地税务机关可以根据情节轻重，处以五千元以下的罚款。
例8
In the event that any enterprise violates the provisions of Article 87, Article 90 Paragraph 2, Article 95, Article 96, Article 97, Article 99, Article 100 and Article 101 of these Regulations, the tax authorities may, in accordance with the seriousness of the case, impose a penalty of not more than RMB 5000 yuan.
注释：
（1）in the event that any enterprise violates the provisions of these Regulations：（如果）违反本细则
（2）tax authorities：税务机关
参考译文：
企业违反本细则第八十七条、第九十条第二款，第九十五条、第九十六条、第九十七条、第九十九条、第一百条、第一百零一条规定的，税务机关可以根据情节轻重，处以五千元以下的罚款。
例9
In the event of disagreement between the Parties to the Contract, the Engineer shall, in his opinion, determine such rate or price as is appropriate, and shall notify the Contractor accordingly, with a copy to the Employer. Before the rate or price in question is approved and determined officially, the Engineer shall determine provisional rates or prices which will be included in payment certificates issued by the Engineer in accordance with Clause 92.
注释：
（1）in the event of disagreement between the Parties to the Contract：（如果）双方意见不一致时
（2）shall, in his opinion, determine such rate or price as is appropriate：确定他认为合适的此类单价或价格
（3）provisional rates or prices：暂行单价或价格
（4）payment certificate：支付证书
参考译文：
当双方意见不一致时，工程师应确定他认为合适的此类单价或价格，并相应地通知承包人，同时将一份副本呈交业主。在单价或价格经同意或决定之前，工程师应确定暂行单价或价格，以便根据第92条按暂付款将其包含在发出的支付证书中。
例10
In the event that, pursuant to Sub-Clause 88.5, the Employer enters into any agreement on leasing the Contractor’s Equipment, all sums properly paid by the Employer under the provisions of this Agreement and all costs incurred by him (including stamp duties) in the conclusion of this Agreement, shall, under Clause 95, be deemed to be part of the cost of the execution and the completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein.
注释：
（1）in the event that, pursuant to Sub-Clause 88.5：如果（业主）按第88.5款
（2）leasing the Contractor’s Equipment：租用承包人设备
（3）stamp duty：印花税
（4）the conclusion of this Agreement：签订该协议
（5）the execution and the completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein：实施和完成工程以及修补其任何缺陷
参考译文：
如果业主按第88.5款签订了租用承包人设备的任何协议，业主根据该协议正当支付的所有款项及所有由于签订该协议所发生的费用（包括印花税），均应视为根据第95条实施和完成工程以及修补其任何缺陷的费用的一部分。
十七 provided that
释义: 但规定，规定；但是
用法: 常用于在合同的某一条款中需要作进一步规定时，或在作规定时语气上表示转折时。在中译英时，要注意该词组的使用。有时从中文上看，尽管没有“但规定”，“进一步规定”的词语，但英文写作时，应加上“provided that”。参见例4，在中译英时，尽管中文中没有“但规定如果”，但根据上下文可看出在同一条款中包含了两个规定，后一句为对前一句的进一步规定，因此英文应加上“provided that if”。
例1
An irrevocable credit shall be deemed to constitute a definite undertaking of the issuing bank. Provided that if the stipulated documents are presented and are complied with the terms, conditions and provisions of the credit, and if the credit provides for sight payment, the payment shall be made or shall be guaranteed to be made.
注释：
（1）an irrevocable credit：不可撤销信用证
（2）shall be deemed to constitute a definite undertaking of the issuing bank：应被认为构成开证行的确定承诺
（3）provided that if the stipulated documents are presented and are complied with the terms, conditions and provisions of the credit：（但规定，）在提交了规定的单据并符合了信用证条款时
（4）the credit provides for sight payment：即期付款信用证
（5）the payment shall be made or shall be guaranteed to be made：则进行付款或保证该款的照付
参考译文：
不可撤销信用证，应被认为构成开证行的确定承诺。在提交了规定的单据并符合了信用证条款时，如系即期付款信用证，则进行付款或保证该款的照付。
例2
When an issuing bank authorizes or requests another bank to confirm its irrevocable credit and the latter has added its confirmation, such confirmation constitutes a definite undertaking of such bank (the confirming bank), in addition to that of the issuing bank. Provided that if the stipulated documents are presented and comply with the terms, conditions and provisions of the credit, and if the credit provides for sight payment, the payment will be made or shall be guaranteed to be made.
注释：
（1）issuing bank：开证行
（2）the latter has added its confirmation：后者已照加保兑
（3）the confirming bank：保兑行
（4）provided that if the stipulated documents are presented and comply with the terms, conditions and provisions of the credit：（但规定，）在提交了规定的单据并符合了信用证条款时
参考译文：
当开证行授权或要求另一银行保兑其不可撤销信用证，而后者已照加保兑时，该保兑构成该银行（保兑行）在开证行承诺以外的确定承诺。在提交了规定的单据并符合了信用证条款时，如系即期付款信用证，则进行付款或保证该款的照付。
例3
A wholly state-owned company has no shareholders’ meetings. The company’s board of directors shall be authorized by the state-authorized investment institution or the state-authorized department to exercise part of the powers of the shareholders’ meetings, and to decide on the major issues of the company. Provided that if the decisions on merger, division, dissolution of the company, increase or decrease in capital and issue of corporate bonds shall be made and decided, the decisions in question shall be made by the state-authorized investment institution or the state-authorized department.
注释：
（1）wholly state-owned company：国有独资公司
（2）has no shareholders’ meetings：不设股东会
（3）company’s board of directors：公司董事会
（4）major issues of the company：公司的重大事项
（5）provided that if the decisions on merger, division, dissolution of the company, increase or decrease in capital and issue of corporate bonds：但关于公司的合并、分立、解散、增减资本和发行公司债券的决定
（6）the state-authorized investment institution or the state-authorized department：国家授权投资的机构或者国家授权的部门
参考译文：
国有独资公司不设股东会，由国家授权投资的机构或者国家授权的部门，授权公司董事会行使股东会的部分职权，决定公司的重大事项，但公司的合并、分立、解散、增减资本和发行公司债券，必须由国家授权投资的机构或者国家授权的部门决定。
例4
The collection of tax or the cessation thereof, the reduction, exemption and refund of tax as well as the payment of tax unpaid shall be implemented in accordance with the law. Provided that if, under the law, the State Council is authorized to formulate and prepare the relevant provisions, the provisions in question shall be implemented and complied with.
注释：
（1）the collection of tax or the cessation thereof：税收的开征、停征
（2）the reduction, exemption and refund of tax：减税、免税、退税
（3）the payment of tax unpaid：补税
（4）provided that if, under the law, the State Council is authorized to formulate and prepare the relevant provisions：（但规定如果）法律授权国务院规定的，注：在中译英时，尽管中文中没有“但规定如果”，但根据上下文可看出在同一条款中包含了两个规定，后一句为对前一句的进一步规定，因此英文应加上“provided that if”。
参考译文：
税收的开征、停征以及减税、免税、退税、补税，依照法律的规定执行；法律授权国务院规定的，依照国务院制定的行政法规的规定执行。
例5
The Engineer may exercise such authority as is specified or necessarily implied in the Contract. Provided that if, under the terms and conditions of the appointment by the Employer, the Engineer shall be required to obtain the specific approval of the Employer before exercising any such authority, the details of the requirements in question shall be specified in the Contract.
注释：
（1）such authority as is specified or necessarily implied in the Contract：合同中规定的或者合同中必然隐含的权力
（2）provided that if, under the terms and conditions of the appointment by the Employer：但是，如果根据业主任命工程师的条件
（3）the Engineer shall be required to obtain the specific approval of the Employer：要求工程师应得业主的具体批准
参考译文：
工程师可行使合同中规定的或者合同中必然隐含的权力。但是，如果根据业主任命工程师的条件，要求工程师在行使上述权力之前，应得业主的具体批准，则此类要求的细节应在本合同予以表明。
例6
Instructions given by the Engineer shall be in writing. Provided that if, for any reason, the Engineer considers it necessary to give any such instruction orally, the Contractor shall comply with such instruction.
注释：
（1）Instructions given by the Engineer shall be in writing：工程师应以书面发出指示
（2）provided that if, for any reason, the Engineer considers it necessary to give any such instruction orally：（但规定）若工程师认为由于某种原因有必要以口头形式发出任何此类指示
参考译文：
工程师应以书面发出指示。若工程师认为由于某种原因有必要以口头形式发出任何此类指示，承包人应遵守该指示。
例7
Provided also that the Employer shall notify the Contractor when a settlement is to be negotiated, the Employer shall consult with the Contractor before such settlement is agreed.
注释：
（1）provided also that the Employer shall notify the Contractor：但是，业主应通知承包人
（2）when a settlement is to be negotiated：何时协商解决办法
（3）consult with the Contractor：与承包人进行协商
参考译文：
但是，业主应通知承包人何时协商解决办法，业主应在此类解决办法达成协议之前与承包人进行协商。
例8
Upon the issue of any Taking-Over Certificate, the Contractor shall clear away and remove from the site all Contractors’s Equipment, surplus materials, rubbish and Temporary Works of every kind, and leave the site and Works clean, to the satisfaction of the engineer. Provided that the Contractor shall be entitled to retain on site such materials, Contractor’s Equipment and Temporary Works as are required for remedying any defects in the Works until the end of the Defects Liability Period.
注释：
（1）upon the issue of any Taking-Over Certificate：颁发任何移交证书时
（2）the Contractor shall clear away and remove from the site all Contractor’s Equipment, surplus materials, rubbish and Temporary Works of every kind：承包人应从现场清除并运出承包人的全部设备、多余材料、垃圾和各种临时工程
（3）leave the site and Works clean：保持现场和工程清洁整齐
（4）to the satisfaction of the engineer：达到工程师满意
（5）provided that the Contractor shall be entitled to retain on site…：但承包人应有权在现场保留.....
（6）the Defects Liability Period：缺陷责任期
参考译文：
在颁发任何移交证书时，承包人应从现场清除并运出承包人的全部设备、多余材料、垃圾和各种临时工程，并保持现场和工程清洁整齐，达到工程师满意。但承包人应有权在现场保留为完成在缺陷责任期内的修补工程中缺陷所需的那些材料，承包人的设备和临时工程，直至缺陷责任期结束。
例9
No such variation shall, in any way, vitiate or invalidate the Contract, and all such variations shall be valued in accordance with Clause 84. Provided that the Engineer shall issue an instruction to vary the Works due to the default or breach of Contract by the Contractor, the additional cost attributable to the default in question shall be borne by the Contractor.
注释：
（1）vitiate or invalidate the contract：使合同作废或失效
（2）shall be valued in accordance with Clause 84：应按第84条估价
（3）provided that the Engineer shall issue an instruction to vary the Works：（但规定）工程师有必要发出指示变更工程
（4）due to the default or breach of Contract by the Contractor：由于承包人的违约或毁约
（5）the additional cost attributable to the default in question：任何由此类违约造成的附加费
参考译文：
上述变更不应以任何方式使合同作废或失效，所有上述变更应按第84条估价。由于承包人的违约或毁约，工程师有必要发出指示变更工程，则任何由此类违约造成的附加费用应由承包人承担。
例10
The Owner may, at any time, terminate this Contract by giving written notice to the Supplier, without compensation to the Supplier, if the Supplier becomes bankrupt or otherwise insolvent, provided that such termination will not prejudice or affect any right of act
注释：
（1）terminate this Contract：终止本合同
（2）written notice：书面通知
（3）the Supplier：供应人
（4）without compensation to the Supplier：对供应人无任何补偿
（5）bankrupt：破产
（6）or otherwise insolvent：或无清偿能力 insolvent：unable to pay on
（7）provided that：但规定
（8）prejudice：损害，伤害
（9）thereafter：此后，以后
参考译文：
当供应人破产或无清偿能力时，业主可在任何时候以书面形式通知供应人终止本合同并对供应人无任何补偿，但规定终止合同不应损害或影响业主已采取或将采取的补救措施的任何权利。
例11
The administrative authorities for industry and commerce in the people’s governments above the county level shall monitor and investigate acts of unfair competition. Provided that if, in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations, those acts of unfair competition shall be monitored and investigated by other departments, the provisions in question shall be complied with.
注释：
（1）the administrative authorities for industry and commerce：工商行政管理部门
（2）the people’s governments above the county level：县级以上人民政府
（3）monitor and investigate acts of unfair competition：对不正当竞争行为进行监督检查
（4）the provisions of laws and administrative regulations：法律、行政法规的规定
参考译文：
县级以上人民政府工商行政管理部门应对不正当竞争行为进行监督检查；法律、行政法规规定由其他部门监督检查的，依照其规定。
十八 be deemed
释义: 被认为
用法: 法律文件中的正式用语，比“be believed, be considered”正式
例1
In the absence of such indication, the Credit shall be deemed to be revocable.
注释：
（1）in the absence of such indication：如无该项表示
（2）the Credit shall be deemed to be revocable：信用证应视作是可撤销的
参考译文：
如无该项表示，信用证应视作是可撤销的。
例2
If an issuing bank states that the credit is to be available “for on
注释：
（1）the credit is to be available “for on
（2）the date of issuance of the credit by the issuing bank shall be deemed to be the initial date：开证行的开证日期将被认为是起算日
（3）Banks shall discourage such practice of indicating the expiry date of the credit.：银行应劝阻此种表明信用证到期日的做法。
参考译文：
如果开证行规定信用证有效期为“一个月”，“六个月”或类似情况，如未列明自何时起算时，开证行的开证日期将被认为是起算日。银行应劝阻此种表明信用证到期日的做法。
例3
For the purpose of these articles, the date of issuance of a transport document (s) shall be deemed to be the later date between such date of issuance and such date of the reception stamp as is indicated on the transport document.
注释：
（1）for the purpose of these articles：就本条文而言
（2）shall be deemed to be the later date between：将被认为是两者中之较迟者
（3）date of the reception stamp：收到戳记日期
参考译文：
就本条文而言，运输单据的出单日期将被认为是运输单据上表明的出单日期和收到戳记日期两者中之较迟者。
例4
The Engineer may, whether before or after the carrying out of his oral instruction, confirm in writing the oral instruction given by the Engineer. In such case, the instruction in question shall be deemed to be an instruction within the meaning of this Sub-Clause.
注释：
（1）whether before or after the carrying out of his oral instruction：在其口头指示执行之前或之后
（2）the instruction in question shall be deemed to be an instruction within the meaning of this Sub-Clause：应认为此类指示是符合本款规定的指示 within the meaning of this Sub-Clause：符合本款规定的指示
参考译文：
工程师可在其口头指示执行之前或之后，用书面形式对其口头指示加以确认，在这种情况下，应认为此类指示是符合本款规定的指示。
例5
If, within 7 days, the Contractor confirms in writing to the Engineer any oral instruction of the Engineer, and such confirmation is not contradicted in writing within 7 days by the Engineer, the oral instruction in question shall be deemed to be an instruction of the Engineer.
注释：
（1）the Contractor confirms in writing to the Engineer any oral instruction of the Engineer：承包人用书面形式确认工程师的口头指示
（2）such confirmation is not contradicted in writing within 7 days by the Engineer：工程师在7天之内没有以书面形式对该确认加以否认
（3）the oral instruction in question shall be deemed to be an instruction of the Engineer：则此项指示应视为是工程师的指示
参考译文：
若承包人在7天之内，用书面形式确认工程师的口头指示，并且工程师在7天之内没有以书面形式对该确认加以否认，则此项指示应视为是工程师的指示。
例6
The execution of this Clause shall not be deemed to imply any approval by the Engineer of the materials or other matters for incorporation in the Works nor shall it prevent the rejection of any such materials at any time by the Engineer.
注释：
（1）the execution of this Clause：本条款的执行
（2）not be deemed to imply any approval by the Engineer of the materials or other matters for incorporation in the Works：并不意味着工程师对用于工程中的材料或其它事项的任何批准
（3）it：the execution of this Clause
（4）prevent the rejection of any such materials at any time by the Engineer：也不应阻止工程师在任何时候对任何上述材料的拒绝
参考译文：
本条款的执行并不意味着工程师对用于工程中的材料或其它事项的任何批准，也不应阻止工程师在任何时候对任何上述材料的拒绝。
例7
The Contractor shall not be required by the Employer or the Engineer, or be deemed to have any obligation, to employ any nominated Subcontractor. Provided that the Contractor shall have the right and reason to reject the employment of any such nominated Subcontractor who declines to enter into a Subcontract with the Contractor under the following provisions of the Contract.
注释：
（1）the Contractor shall not be required by the Employer or the Engineer, or be deemed to have any obligation：业主或工程师不应要求承包人或认为承包人有任何义务
（2）nominated Subcontractor：指定分包人
（3）to reject the employment of any such nominated Subcontractor：反对雇用指定分包人
（4）declines to enter into a Subcontract with the Contractor under the following provisions of the Contract：拒绝按下述规定与承包人签订分包合同
参考译文：
业主或工程师不应要求承包人或认为承包人有任何义务去雇用指定分包人。承包人有理由反对雇用任何拒绝按下述规定与承包人签订分包合同的指定分包人。
例8
The relationship between the Agent and each Bank is that of the agent and the principal on
注释：
（1）the agent and the principal：代理人和本人
（2）to constitute the Agent a trustee for any Bank：将代理行视为任何银行的信托受托人
参考译文：
代理行和各行之间的关系仅为代理人和本人的关系，该种关系并非将代理行视为任何银行的信托受托人，或对代理人附加本合同明示条款规定以外的任何义务。
例9
The headings and marginal notes in these Conditions shall not be deemed part thereof or be taken into consideration in the interpretation or construction thereof or of the Contract.
注释：
（1）the headings and marginal notes：标题和旁注
（2）shall not be deemed part thereof：（thereof：part of the Conditions）不应视为合同条件的一部分
（3）the interpretation or construction thereof = the interpretation or construction of these conditions：合同条件的解释或含义 construction：meaning, sense
参考译文：
本合同条件中的标题和旁注不应视为合同条件的一部分，对合同条件或合同本身进行解释或理解时，也不应考虑这些标题和旁注。
例10
Destruction, damage, injury or loss of life caused by the explosion or impact, whenever and wherever occurring, of any mine, bomb, shell, grenade, or other projectile, missile, munitions or explosive of war, shall be deemed to be consequences of the said special risks.
注释：
（1）shall be deemed to be consequences of the said special risks：应视为上述特殊风险的后果 consequences of the said special risks：上述特殊风险的后果
参考译文：
不论何时何地发生任何因地雷、炸弹、爆破筒、手榴弹或其它炮弹、导弹、弹药或战争用爆炸物的爆炸或冲击引起的破坏、损害、人身伤亡，均应视为上述特殊风险的后果。
例11
On
注释：
（1）the Defects Liability Certificate：缺陷责任书
（2）shall be deemed to constitute approval of the Works：视为构成对工程的批准
参考译文：
只有第62条规定的缺陷责任书才能视为构成对工程的批准。
十九 in question
释义: under consideration; being talked about, 这, 该
用法: 表示强调，常常表示“在考虑中的或在议论中的”某一事或某个问题，比如表示“该事项”，可说“the matters in question”。
例1
Party A agrees to acquire from Party B and Party B agrees to transfer to Party A the Patented Technology for Contract Products. The Patented Technology in question shall be the same technology as the technology of Party B’s latest products.
注释：
（1）the Patented Technology：专利技术
（2）Contract Products：合同产品
（3）the Patented Technology in question：这种技术
（4）the same…as：和……一样
（5）the technology of latest products：最新产品的技术
参考译文：
甲方同意从乙方获得，乙方同意向甲方转让合同产品的专利技术。这种技术应与乙方最新产品的技术完全一致。
例2
The arbitration shall be take place in Stockholm, Sweden, and shall be conducted by the arbitration tribunal of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce in accordance with the statutes of the tribunal in question.
注释：
（1）arbitration：仲裁
（2）the arbitration tribunal of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce：斯德哥尔摩商会仲裁院
（3）the statutes of the tribunal in question：该院的章程
参考译文：
仲裁将在瑞典斯德哥尔摩进行，由斯德哥尔摩商会仲裁院根据该院的章程进行仲裁。
例3
Where the imp
注释：
（1）cultural relics：文物
（2）wildlife animals and plants：野生动植物
（3）the products thereof：其产品
（4）laws or administrative regulations：法律、行政法规
（5）the provisions of the laws and regulations in question shall be observed：依照有关法律、行政法规的规定办理
参考译文：
对于文物、野生动植物及其产品等货物、物品，其它法律、行政法规有禁止进出口或者限制进出口规定的，依照有关法律、行政法规的规定办理。
例4
Public offers of shares shall, in accordance with the conditions provided for in the Company Law, be reported to the securities regulatory authorities under the State Council for verification. The issuer shall submit to the authorities in question the application documents specified in the Company Law and the relevant documents specified by the authorities in question.
注释：
（1）public offers of shares：公开发行股票
（2）the Company Law：《公司法》
（3）the securities regulatory authorities under the State Council：国务院证券监督管理机构
（4）for verification：核准
（5）the authorities in question：the securities regulatory authorities under the State Council，国务院证券监督管理机构
（6）the application documents：申请文件
参考译文：
公开发行股票，必须依照公司法规定的条件，报经国务院证券监督管理机构核准。发行人必须向国务院证券监督管理机构提交公司法规的申请文件和国务院证券监督管理机构规定的有关文件。
例5
To underwrite securities, a securities company shall examine the truthfulness, accuracy and completeness of the public offer documents. Provided that if the securities company finds any falsehoods, misleading statements or major omissions in documents in question, it shall not carry out the sales activities. Provided also that if the securities company has already begun to sell such securities, it shall immediately discontinue the sales activities and adopt remedial measures.
注释：
（1）to underwrite securities：承销证券
（2）examine the truthfulness, accuracy and completeness of the public offer documents：对公开发行募集文件的真实性、准确性、完整性进行核查
（3）finds any falsehoods, misleading statements or major omissions in documents in question：发现有关文件含有虚假记载、误导性陈述或者重大遗漏的
（4）the sales activities：销售活动
（5）adopt remedial measures：采取纠正措施
参考译文：
证券公司承销证券，应当对公开发行募集文件的真实性、准确性、完整性进行核查；发现含有虚假记载、误导性陈述或者重大遗漏的，不得进行销售活动；已经销售，必须立即停止销售活动，并采取纠正措施。
例6
Professional institutions and individuals that produce documents such as audit reports, asset appraisal reports and legal opinions for share issuance may not purchase or sell the shares in question during the underwriting period for shares in question and within six months after the expiration thereof.
注释：
（1）professional institutions and individuals：专业机构和人员
（2）audit reports：审计报告
（3）asset appraisal reports：资产评估报告
（4）legal opinions：法律意见书
（5）during the underwriting period for shares in question：在该股票承销期内
（6）within six months after the expiration thereof：期满后六个月内
参考译文：
为股票发行出具审计报告、资产评估报告或者法律意见书等文件的专业机构和人员，在该股票承销期内和期满后六个月内，不得买卖该种股票。
例7
After an application for share listing is verified by the securities regulatory authorities under the State Council, the issuer shall submit to the stock exchange the verification document and the relevant documents specified in the preceding paragraph.
The stock exchange shall make arrangements for the listing and trading of the shares in question within six months from the date of receiving such documents submitted by the issuer of the shares as is specified in the preceding paragraph.
注释：
（1）share listing：股票上市
（2）the verification document：核准文件
（3）make arrangements for the listing and trading of the shares in question：安排该股票上市交易
（4）within six months from the date of receiving such documents submitted by the issuer of the shares as is specified in the preceding paragraph：自接到该股票发行人提交的前款规定的文件之日起六个月内 the issuer of the shares：股票发行人 the preceding paragraph：前款
参考译文：
股票上市交易申请经国务院证券监督管理机构核准后，其发行人应向证券交易所提交核准文件和前款规定的有关文件。
证券交易所应当自接到该股票发行人提交的前款规定的文件之日起六个月内，安排该股票上市交易。
例8
After an application for share listing obtains consent from the stock exchange, the listed company shall, five days prior to the listing, announce the verified documents relating to the said share listing and make documents in question available at designated places for the public to consult.
注释：
（1）the listed company：上市公司
（2）make documents in question available at designated places for the public to consult：将该文件置备于指定场所供公众查阅
参考译文：
股票上市交易申请经证券交易所同意后，上市公司应当在上市交易的五日前公告经核准的股票上市的有关文件，并将该文件置备于指定场所供公众查阅。
例9
In case there is any breach of the provisions under this agreement by either Party during the effective period of this Agreement, the Parties hereto shall first of all try to settle to mutual satisfaction the matter in question as soon as possible.
注释：
（1）any breach of the provisions：对协议条款的违反
（2）during the effective period of this Agreement：在本协议有效期间
（3）the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Agreement 本协议的缔约双方
（4）to mutual satisfaction：使双方满意
（5）the matter in question：该问题或有关问题
参考译文：
在本协议有效期间，任何一方对本协议的条款有违背时，缔约双方应首先尽可能迅速友好地解决有关问题，使双方都满意。
二十 in case, in (the) case of
释义: 如果
用法: 该词组含有“一旦，万一”之意，与if有些区别。
例1
In case the quality, quantity, weight of the goods are not in conformity with the provisions of the Contract after arrival of the goods at the port of destination, the Buyer may, under survey report issued by an inspection organization agreed by the parties thereto, lodge claim with the Seller, with the exception, however, of those claims for which the insurance company and/or the shipping company shall be responsible.
注释：
（1）in case the quality, quantity, weight of the goods are not in conformity with the provisions of the Contract：一旦发现货物质量、数量或重量与合同规定的不符
（2）under survey report issued by an inspection organization agreed by the parties thereto：根据双方同意的检验组织所出具的检验证书
（3）lodge claim with the Seller：向卖方索赔
（4）the shipping company：航运公司
参考译文：
在货物运抵目的港后，一旦发现货物质量、数量或重量与合同规定的不符，买方可以根据双方同意的检验组织所出具的检验证书，向卖方索赔。但是，应由保险公司或航运公司负责的损失除外。
例2
In the case of carriage by sea or by more than on
注释：
（1）in the case of carriage by sea or by more than on
（2）will be loaded on deck：货装舱面
（3）unless specifically authorized in the credit：除非信用证特别授权
参考译文：
如属海运或多种类型运输中包括海运，除非信用证特别授权，银行将拒受注明货装舱面或将装舱面的运输单据。
例3
For the purpose of these articles, the date of issuance of a transport document (s) will be deemed to be:
i) the date of issuance indicated on the transport document in case a transport document evidences carriage by air or, the actual flight date as indicated on the transport document if the credit stipulates that the transport document shall indicate an actual flight date.
注释：
（1）for the purpose of these articles：就本条文而言
（2）in case a transport document evidences carriage by air：如系证明为航空运输单据
（3）the actual flight date：实际飞行日期
参考译文：
就本条文而言，运输单据的出单日期将被认为是：
i) 如系证明为航空运输单据——运输单据上表明的出单日期，或者，如信用证规定运输单据必须表明实际飞行日期时，则为运输单据上表明的实际飞行日期。
例4
In case any part (s) or all of the above-mentioned technical information have been made public by Party B or any third Party, Party A shall not be borne for the obligation of keeping secret the part (s) or all of the technology already published.
注释：
（1）in case any part (s) or all of the above-mentioned technical information：如上述部分或全部技术资料
（2）the obligation of keeping secret：保密义务
参考译文：
如上述部分或全部技术资料由乙方或任何第三方部分或全部公开，则甲方对已公开的技术不再承担保密义务。
例5
In case the money to be paid by Party B is not enough to cover the value of the long-term L/C opened by Party A, the margin payments shall be made by Party B with the down payment before the long-term L/C expires, in order to enable Party A to pay the long-term L/C on time.
注释：
（1）the money to be paid by Party B is not enough to cover the value of the long-term L/C opened by Party A：乙方支付的货款不能相抵甲方所开的远期信用证之金额
（2）the margin payments：其差额
（3）the down payment：预付款方式
参考译文：
如乙方支付的货款不能相抵甲方所开的远期信用证之金额，其差额部分由乙方用预付款方式，在甲方所开的远期信用证到期前汇付甲方，以使甲方能按时议付远期信用证。
例6
In case the products fail to meet the standards of Party A, Party A may refuse the delivery. Provided that Party A may accept the delivery of the products at the discount price to be agreed between Party A and Party B on a cause-by-case basis.
注释：
（1）fail to meet the standards of Party A：不符合甲方标准的情况
（2）refuse the delivery：拒绝收货
（3）at the discount price：折扣议价
（4）on a cause-by-case basis：视每次具体情况
参考译文：
如果出现产品不符合甲方标准的情况，甲方可拒绝收货。但甲方可根据甲乙双方视每次具体情况的折扣议价予以接受。
例7
All disputes arising from the execution of or in connection with the Contract shall, through friendly consultations, be settled by the Parties to this Contract. In case, through consultations, the Parties hereto fail to reach the agreement on the disputes, the disputes in question shall be submitted for arbitration.
注释：
（1）all disputes arising from the execution of or in connection with the Contract：因执行本合同所发生的或与本合同有关而发生的一切争议
（2）in case, through consultations：如经协商
（3）shall be submitted for arbitration：则应提交仲裁解决
参考译文：
因执行本合同所发生的或与本合同有关而发生的一切争议，双方应通过友好协商解决。如经协商仍达不成协议时，则应提交仲裁解决。
例8
In case, within a reasonable time, the Contractor fails to carry out such instruction, the Employer shall be entitled to employ and pay other persons to carry out the same. Provided that if, in the opinion of the Engineer, the Contractor is liable to do such work at his own cost under the Contract, all the costs in question consequent thereon or incidental thereto shall, after due consultation with the Employer and the Contractor, be determined by the Engineer, and shall be recoverable from the Contractor by the Employer, and may be deducted by the Employer from any monies due or to become due to the Contractor. The Engineer shall notify the Contractor accordingly, with a copy to the Employer.
注释：
（1）in case, within a reasonable time：如在合理的时间内
（2）the same：such instruction
（3）in the opinion of the Engineer：工程师认为
（4）all the costs in question consequent thereon or incidental thereto：所有由此造成或随之产生的费用
（5）may be deducted by the Employer from any monies due or to become due to the Contractor：可由业主从其应付或将支付给承包人的款项中扣除
参考译文：
当承包人未能在合理的时间内执行这些指示，业主有权雇用他人从事该项工作，并给付报酬。如果工程师认为该项工作按合同规定应由承包人自费进行，则在与业主和承包人协商之后，工程师应确定所有由此造成或随之产生的费用，此费用应由业主向承包人索取，并可由业主从其应付或将支付给承包人的款项中扣除，工程师应相应地通知承包商，并将一份副本呈交业主。
例9
In case no settlement can be reached through consultations, the disputes shall be submitted to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission for arbitration in accordance with its rules of procedure.
注释：
（1）in case no settlement can be reached through consultations：如果协商不能解决
（2）the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission：中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会
（3）its rules of procedure：该会的仲裁程序
参考译文：
如果协商不能解决，争执事项则应提交给中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会，根据该会的仲裁程序进行仲裁。
例10
In case Party B considers it necessary to employ a foreign auditor registered in another country to undertake annual financial verification and examination, Party A shall give its consent. All the expenses thereof shall be borne by Party B.
注释：
（1）in case Party B considers it necessary to employ a foreign auditor registered in another country：如果乙方认为需要聘请另一国注册审计师
（2）undertake annual financial verification and examination：审查年度财务
参考译文：
如果乙方认为需要聘请另一国注册审计师对年度财务进行审查，甲方应予以同意，其所需的一切费用应由乙方负担。
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